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E2.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Controling Microorganism

A

microbial agents, sanitaiton, effectivenss and mode of action

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2
Q

Antisepsis

A

Applying chemical on body surface
-prevents/destory vegetative pathogens
Used on skin and mucous memb.
This cn also be used as disinfective

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3
Q

Disinfection

A

Apply chemical/physical on non-living surface
Destroy vegetative pathogens
Removes toxin
DNT KILL SPORES
used on Non-living surfaces

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4
Q

Sterilization

A

complete removal/destruction of all viable microorganism, spores, and viruses
-use on inanimate obj.
Physical or chemical agents
Used on inanimate obj

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5
Q

Relative R of microbial forms

A

High R=prions, bacterial endospres
Moderate R=naked viruses, protozoan cyst, (M.TB, Pseudomonas, S. auerus )
Lowest R=most bact., enveloped viruses, protozoan trophs, most fungal spores.

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6
Q

Microbial agents

A

Cidal agent=kill bacteria
-bactericide/germicide
Static=limiting/inhibiting growth
-bacteriostatic
-dnt kill BUT temp. stop growth

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7
Q

Sanitation

A

Reduce number of microorganisms for public health standard
Physical(UV)/chemical agents(Diswasher/sanitizers)

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8
Q

Degermination

A

On human skin
-decre. microorgansims by mechanical means
(wiping of skin surface)
Physical/chemical agents cn be used

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9
Q

Factors that influence antimicrobial tx

A

Time of exposure(show dying microbes)
-microbes incre/decre. in log fashion
Number of microbes=help determine what type of disinfectant to use
Microbial charct. (target pop. b/c use diff. methods)
-gram +/-
-type of organism(bact., fungus, protozoa)
-endospore(high risk)
-Viruses=w/orw/o envelopes
-Prions
Envionmental influces=temp, pH
Conc. of agent/proper diluting medium
-using alcohol (70% kills microbes) and bleach(10-50%)
Presence of organic matter=blood, vomit, feces, fats)
Interfering agents present (solvents, debris, blood and feces)
-H2O2=good for blood

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10
Q

Mode of action-antimicrobial agents work

A

Cell wall
Cell memb.
NA synth.
Protein synth.
Protein function

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11
Q

Cell wall (antimicrobial agents work)

A

Cell wall (bact./fungi)
-block synth.
-Brk it dwn/digest cell wall(lyse cell)
Agents=antiBT (pebnicillins), detergents, alcohols

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12
Q

Plasma memb.(antimicobial agents work)

A

Bind to lipid in CM and penetrates
-memb. loses selective permeability
Cell contents leak out
-damaging substances cn enter
Agent=surfactants(detergents)
-dishwasher liq./soap
Enevloped viruses=outer bilayer of phospholipid

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13
Q

NA the cells cnt replicate/make protein(antimicrobial agents work)

A

AntiBT that cn bind to bacterial ribosome(chloramphenicol)
Block protein synth.
Some bind to DNA (irreversibly)=block replication, trasncription or translation

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14
Q

Damage/denatured protein lose shape(antimicrobial agents work)

A

Coagulation by moist heat or solvents
Agents to ribosomes=stop translation
-stop peptides bonds
-inhibit 70S ribosomes(good for bact. and euk. mitoch.)
-agents=chloramphoenicol
Protein function
-block protein active sites
-stop binding to substrate
-denature protein
-agents=physical (heat, pH) and chemical(alcohols, acids penolics and metallic ions)

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15
Q

Germicide

A

Chemical agents that kills pathogens(non-spores-formers) on inert surface

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16
Q

Sepsis

A

Bacterial contamination
Growth of bacteria in blood or other tissues

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17
Q

Asepsis

A

Absence of bacterial contamination
Any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents
into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection

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18
Q

Antisepsis/antiseptic

A

Destruction of vegetative pathogens on living

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19
Q

Physical control

A

Heat
Radiation
Filtraiton

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20
Q

Heat(physical control)

A

Heat
-Denatures enzymes
-Heat R=microbes vary in their ability to resist heat
:Spores=very R(require temp. above boiling)
:vegetative bact., fungi, viruses(more sensitive)
Moist vs. dry heat

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21
Q

Moist heat

A

Uses lower temp. and shorter times than dry heat
-coagulates protein or denatures proteins

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22
Q

Dry Heat

A

Need higher temp. and longer times
-dehydrates or oxidizes (burn) cells
:flame 1870
:furnace=800-6500C
-denatures
not as effecient as moist heat

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23
Q

Thermal death time(TDT)

A

The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes @ a specific temp.
Choose a temp.
-121C for 30min. (commercial preparation)
:prevents botulism

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24
Q

Thermal Death Point (TDP)

A

Decide on a time
Lowest temp. req. to kill all microbes in a sample in 10min.

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25
Moist Heat Methods
Boiling H2O Steam and P. Pasteurization
26
Stem under P. (autoclaving)
Temp. above that of boiling H2O Steam @ 15psi will reach temp. of 121C(15-30min.) -incre. P.(atm)=incre. temp. to boil Most autoclaving=121C; 15 psi(10-40min.) Will kill All endospores and organisms(object not human) Conditions -solid=direct surface contract w/ steam is needed -liq.=small amount of aq. soln -moisture=proof material (petroleum jelly, mineral oil) -sterilzation indicators=autoclave :P./temp. sensitive tapes or labels paper strips containing
27
Best way to ensure killed spores
Sterlization by Autoclave
28
Pasteurization
Disinfect but not sterilze 1st done by Lister Pasture=wine, beer, milk -beverages to 71.6 for 15sec. Stops food/liq. born dis. -ej=salmonella, camplybacter, listeria, brucella, coxiella, M. TB Mild heating Eliminate most pathogen -lowers bacterial numbers -thermodurics Dnt sterilize=product still needs to be refrigerated
29
Boiling H2o (moist heat)
Disinfection (decontaminates NOT sterilize) 100C(30 min.) Kills non-spores forming pathogens EJ=home sanitizing, and disinfecting, disinfecting unsafe H2O
30
Hot air
Oven Effective @ 150C to 180 (2-4hrs) Effective for inanimate object and oils
31
Dry heat sterilization
Needs a higher temp and longer exposure time than moist heat -transfer heat E b/w obj. -but dnt allow thing to get wet Dehydrates the cells Denatures protein Oxdizes (burn)=incenertation Flaming (1870) HOt air sterilzationi (oven) -req. higher temp. and more times than autoclaving -effective @ 150C-180C
32
Low temp.
retards activity of most microbes Some survive
33
cold temp effect
Reduce some microbe activity Not psychropiles Dnt disinfect or sterilze Dessicition/dehydration kills some microbes -lyophilation=freezing/drying method to preseve microbe -very rapdi process -use mixture for preservation
34
REfrigeration (slow down growth)
Usually bacteriostatic Psychotrophs=grow in refrigerators temp. not pathogenic (expect listeria)
35
Freezing
Rapid Freezing=bacteria become dormant (not killed) -help preserve the cells -dnt help to get rid of microbes Slow freezing=ice crystal formation kills bacteria -very shape and destroy microbe cell memb. Important way to kill parasite roudn wormbs Not routinely reliable
36
Dessication (drying)
Organisms cnt grow or reproduce but cn remain viable for years Lyophilzation=quick freeze combined w/ dessciation -freeze-dried smaples of bacteria are used to maintain laboratory stocks Organisms vary in their ability to w/strand drying -MTB=R to drying -N. gonorrhea=very sensitive to drying -Endospres are very R to drying Bacter. persist in dried mucus, urine, pus, clothing, dust, bedding, wound, dressing
37
Physical means of microbial-osmotic P,
High conc. of salt/sugar will preserve food hypertonic enironment=H2o leaves the bacterial cells Salted meat Mold/yeast Halophiles=high salt conc.
38
Radiation
Ionizing and non-ionizing
39
Ionizing
Highest E -gamma(highest), X-ray(mid), and electron beam/cathode rays (least) Short wavelenght=incr. E. Ejects electrons from atoms=forms ions (create hydroxyl radicals) -penetrates liq. and solid effectively -OH cn also brk DNA bkbone Ionize H2O by oxidizing paticles that react w/ and damage DNA -split H2O -cause chemical changes in cell=toxic substances of O2 Application -sterilzaiton -good for materials that are heat or chemical sensitive -used food(protects E. coli, Salmonella) -Used for drugs, plastic syringes, surgical gloves -
40
Non-ionizing radiaiton
UV light Longer wavelength than ionizing radiation -radiaiton raises atoms to a higher :lower E than ionzing :less penetration capabilities pyrimidines dimers form DNA :disinfictive not sterilizaiton :damages DNA =cause of pyrimdin dimers :brk Hbonds and cuase cancers Most effective wavelength=260nm -germicidal lamps(disinfectant) NOt penetrating=Uv Light cn be block by plastic, cardboard, paper
41
Filtration
Removes microbes/spores from liq. and air -liq. base through retaining the bacteria Perforated memb. (pore size) Aplication -liq. that are sensitive to heat=serum, vaccines, media -ie Hepa filter(but only so much) -ej=culture media, enzymes, vaccines, antibiotics
42
used in the 1800s for disinfectants
Chloride of lime and iodined No use antimicrobial
43
Germicidal and effectiveness
High levels=invasive medial devices -catheters, implants Intermediate level=non invasive -contact mucous memb. -resp. equip. and thermomters -cn cause infections Low level=funiture, electrodes, straps -non invasive (dnt touch mucous) -touch the body surface -clean tools b/w pt
44
Types of chemical for cleaning
Halogens Phenolics Surfactant Hydrogen peroxide Detergents and soaps Heavy metals Aldehydes Gases Dyes, Acids, and alkalines
45
Halogens
small, non-metalic elemnts=active ingredients -"cidal" Chlorine -Disinfectant and antiseptic -->disrupt sulfhydryl grps in AA -good for drinking H2O, sweage, pools etc. -ej=Sodium hypochlorite (bleach)=sanitization :food processing equip., utensils, dialysis machines :surfaces contaminated w/ blood or body fluid Iodine=oldest most effective disinfectants (inactivates prot.) -used on skin/wounds and inert surfaces -Tincture=iodine and alcohol :good for antiseptic and wound care -Ej=iodophor=combined w/ organic molec. :often w/ povidone(wet agent) :AKA betadine, povidine isodyne (soap) *good for preparying for surgery :less effective
46
Phenolics and phenolics=joana lister
Action -damage PM and cell walls (inactivate enzymes) -strong "cidal" BUT not w/ spores -toxic-->irritate skin and odor Phenol=carbolic acid -coal tar derivative -stop surgical infections, operating room/instruments -dries the skin Phenolics=penol derivatives -less skin irritation and mild odor -lysol=good surface disinfectant -hexacholorphene (phisohex)=surgical and hospital scrub Triclosan=antibacterial soap Chlorhexidine(hibiclens)=surgical scrubs, skin preps, body wash, eye sln -safe
47
Alcohols
Coagulates proteins; disrupts membranes; dissolves lipids (effective all types of microbes and w/ an envelope-virus) -degerming skin ( before injection, venipuncture etc.) -mechanical remover of germs (re-explain) Ethyl/isopropyl= microbial control ( 70% solutions) -Kills bacteria & fungi and enveloped viruses ( not good for endospores) -disrupt memb/lipids -disrupt cell surface tension denatures proteins Not good on wounds - coagulates proteins - bacteria grow in the protein clots Solvent for Tinctures - other agents perform better when dissolved in alcohol than in water.
48
Hydorgen peroxide
Antiseptic and common household supplies Decomposes in presence of light, metals or catalase Toxic form of oxygen – kills bacteria, viruses, fungus and spores not good for open wounds - slows healing (broken down by catalase in human cells) -catalase(present in blood and tissue) brk dwn hydrogen peroxide--> O2 and h2o -not good for an open wound Excellent disinfectant -surfaces; contact lenses; coatings on food packaging ; instruments used in invasive medical procedures ( e.g. endoscopes) Antiseptic – skin, wounds, bedsores -- useful for irrigating deep wounds - released oxygen inhibits growth of anaerobic bacteria :to disrupt the aneraobes -not good for open wounds
49
Detergent and soaps /Surfactants
Degerm but never sterilze Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QUATS)-mixed w/ soap -Based on ammonium ion (NH4+)-->Very strong and harmful to cell memb. -Low level disinfectant in clinical setting -detergents which act as surface active agents ; disrupt the plasma membrane :Not effective against M. tuberculosis, hepatitis virus, Pseudomonas, or spores :Pseudomonas sp. (a gram negative bacteria) actively grows in quats *problem in hospitals – can only be used for low-level disinfection – not for instruments -Opportunistic pathogent in soil and H2o :Cn cause infection in comparmised host(underline condition) not healthy ppl -Greatly inhibited by the presence of organic material :used as detergents; floor scrubs; surface cleaners :EJ-->Zephiran; Cepacol - mouthwashes, throat sprays Soap -FA, oils, Na andn Ksalt -Cleaning agents -More effective if missed w/ germicides Germicidal soap decreases microbes over a longer period of time Nongermicidal soap=decrease in microes for a shorter period of time
50
Heavy metals
Mercury, silver, gold, copper, arsenic, zinc -mercury and silver is mc clinically -inactivate protein -preservative in cosmetics and ophthalmic sln Have antimicrobial effects in very small amounts ; denature proteins Good against many types of bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa – not against spores Drawbacks -Toxic to human cells, even in small quantities -ingested, inhaled, absorbed through skin/mucous memb. -allergic reactions
51
Silver
Silver nitrate solution - antiseptic; given to newborns to prevent gonorrheal infections of eyes -Was used in early dys -Trying to use instead of antiBT Silver ointments – burns Silver ions - wound dressings(burn patients), catheters, bandages; plastics, steel, toilet seats, stethoscopes, refrigerator doors
52
Mercury
Broad spectrum Organic compounds -mercurochrome - antiseptic for mild cuts – not very effective :H2O based -Merthiolate – a tincture – effective – not for broken skin – prevents healing -TINCTURE=alcohol based -Preservatives in cosmetics, ophthalmic solutions
53
Aldehydes
Cross-link proteins and inactivate/destory structures Types -Glutaraldehyde -Formaldehyde
54
Gultaraldehyde
Highly effective sterilizer and high-level disinfectant Dental instruments, to preserve vaccines, Ej=Cidex - hospital instruments; respiratory therapy equipment -Disinfective/sterilzation
55
Formaldehyde
Sharp, iritating gas Formalin - 37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde gas mixed w/ H2O - inactivate bacteria and viruses in vaccines; preserves biological specimens, embalming fluid – highly toxic – carcinogenic -Tissue preservation/look @ cell structure -Strong disinfective and high envouth(sterilizer)
56
Gaseous sterilizers types
Ethylene oxide Chlorine Dioxide Good w/ chemiclave=sterilze w/o heat or liq. -not similar to autoclave b/c not steam or P. -heat sensitive bact.
57
Ethelen oxide
Damage DNA and proteins (functional grps) Cnt take high heat or moisture highly penetrating but slow acting -benefit of gas cnt stand heat/moisture Sterilizes/disinfect plastic material Spacecraft; plastic materials, delicate instruments, electronic gear; mattresses; sugar,spices, dried foods and drugs
58
Chlorine Dioxide
Disrupt protein Drinking water, wastewater, food processing equipment Used to disinfect rooms ( e.g., to disinfect Senate offices after anthrax attacks, 2001)
59
Dyes
Crystal Violet ; Malachite green -effective against gram positive bacteria and fungus :w/in mcconkey agar and EMB allowsing gram neg. to grow -used in topical solutions or ointments for skin infections ( e.g., ringworm) -trying to limit the use of antiBT (increase R)
60
Acids and alkalis
Extreme pH cn kill and inhibt microbial growth Corrosive, caustic and hazardous Types -acetic acid -Ammonium hydroxide -prevents spore germination and vegetative growth -food preservative
61
Ammonium hydroxid
Types=detergents, cleaners, deodorizers -very damaging b/c very alkaline -ej-oven cleaner
62
Organic acid
Food preservative -Acetic Acid (vinegar) -Lactic acid – added to sauerkraut and olives -Calcium propionate - prevents molds and Bacillus from growing in bread Sorbic acid; potassium sorbate; sodium benzoate - prevent mold growth in acid foods

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