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Emma H&N II > Ear > Flashcards

Ear Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

2 main functions of ear

A

equilibrium (balance) - vestibular system

hearing - cochlear system

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2
Q

external ear (pinna/auricle) structures

A 
helix
antihelix
antitragus
lobule (no cartilage)
external acoustic meatus
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3
Q

external ear injury

A

Bleeding within the auricle resulting from trauma –> auricular hematoma

compromises blood supply to the cartilage. If untreated (by aspiration of blood) –> fibrosis –> deformed auricle (the cauliflower ear)

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4
Q

sensory innervation of external ear

A

auriculotemporal n. (V3): anterior helix, tragus

lesser occipital n. (C2)

greater auricular n. (C2, C3)

also CN VII and X (small contribution, overlap)

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5
Q

Arnold’s reflex

A

cough reflex initiated by stimulating CN X around external ear

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6
Q

auricular m.

A

superior auricular m.
anterior auricular m.
posterior auricular m.

supplied by motor br. CN VII (temporal br., posterior auricular br.)

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7
Q

blood supply to external ear

A

superficial temporal a.
posterior auricular a.

deep auricular a. –> pt of external acoustic meatus

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8
Q

venous drainage of external ear

superficial temporal v. –> __________

A

superficial temporal v. –> RETROMANDIBULAR V.

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9
Q

venous drainage of external ear

posterior auricular v. –> __________

A

posterior auricular v. –> EJV

posterior auricular + posterior retromandibular –> EJV

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10
Q

lymphatic drainage of lateral top half of external ear

A

to superficial parotid nodes

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11
Q

lymphatic drainage of medial top half of external ear

A

to mastoid nodes

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12
Q

lymphatic drainage of bottom of external ear

A

to superficial cervical nodes

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13
Q

external acoustic meatus has both a _____ and _____ portion

lined with skin containing which types of glands?

A

external acoustic meatus has both a CARTILAGINOUS and BONY portion

lined with skin containing SUBACEOUS and CERUMINOUS glands

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14
Q

tympanic membrane

A

separates external and middle ear

set in sulcus of temporal bone

oriented laterally, anteriorly, and inferiorly

captures changes in air pressure (sound) and transfers to bones of middle ear

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15
Q

otoscopic examination

A

Pull helix posterosuperiorly to straighten external acoustic meatus to view …

  • tympanic membrane
  • lateral process of malleus
  • umbo (handle/manubrium of the malleus poking into the pars tensa)
  • pars flaccida
  • light reflex triangle radiates anteroinferiorly.
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16
Q

sensory innervation to lateral (external) surface of tympanic membrane

A

CN V3, VII, X

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17
Q

sensory innervation to medial surface of tympanic membrane

A

CN IX

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18
Q

sensory fibers from CN IX get to inner surface of ear via the

A

tympanic n. of Jacobsen

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19
Q

tegmen tympani

A

roof over middle ear

separates cranial and tympanic cavities

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20
Q

arcuate eminence

A

elevated area on petrous portion of temporal bone

overlays semicircular canals

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21
Q

middle ear bones (ossicles)

A

malleus

incus

stapes

(all 3 function in conduction of sound thru middle ear)

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22
Q

posterior process on head of malleus articulates w/ body of ____

A

posterior process on head of malleus articulates w/ body of INCUS

(ice cream scoop + cone)

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23
Q

tensor tympani m.

innervation/origin/insertion

A

V3

tendon inserts onto handle of malleus

originates off cartilaginous portion of pharyngotympanic tube and part of the sphenoid GW

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24
Q

lenticular process of incus articulates w/ ____

A

lenticular process of incus articulates w/ STAPES M.

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25
stapedius | innervation/origin/insertion
CN VII tendon inserts onto neck of stapes originates off walls of pyramidal eminence
26
paralysis of stapes
xs acuteness of hearing (hyperacusis) poss due to CN VII lesion
27
middle ear blood supply
anterior tympanic a. (off 1st pt. maxillary a.)
28
middle ear lymphatic drainage
superior deep cervical nodes
29
middle ear innervation
CN IX (sensory to INNER surface tympanic membrane) some CN V, IX, X (rest of middle ear) parasympathetic (CN VII)
30
membranous wall of middle ear
lateral - tympanic membrane - chorda tympani, passes over tensor tympani m.
31
segmental wall of middle ear
superior - tegmen tympani - epitympanic area
32
labyrinthine wall of middle ear
medial - lateral semi-circular canal - facial canal - processus cochleariformis - oval window (fenestra vestibuli) - promontory - round window (fenestra cochlea)
33
oval window
communication between middle and inner ear (into scala vestibuli of the cochlea) base of stapes inserts onto here on labyrinthine wall
34
promontory
right below oval window, on labyrinthine wall 1st basal turn of cochlea that bulges out into middle ear has tympanic plexus (where tympanic n. of Jacobsen comes thru)
35
round window
secondary tympanic membrane, on labyrinthine wall (blocked from scala tympani by a membrane) alleviates pressure from oval window and stapes (oval membrane moves in --> round window moves out --> fluid moves into cochlea --> moves inner hair cells --> hearing)
36
jugular wall of middle ear
inferior | - jugular fossa (IJV runs past)
37
mastoid wall of middle ear
posterior - facial n. runs thru - aditus - pyramidal eminence (encloses stapedius m.)
38
aditus
opening from middle ear to mastoid air cells
39
carotid wall of middle ear
anterior wall - carotid canal (internal carotid a. travels right in front of this wall) - opening of pharyngotympanic tube (Eustachian tube) - semi-canal for tensor tympani
40
processus cochleariformis
tensor tympani m. makes a turn around this
41
contraction of which m. open the pharyngotympanic tube to equalize pressure?
tensor and levator veli palatini ^also involved in draining middle ear
42
otitis media
- infection of middle ear - bulging, red tympanic membrane and visible air-fluid meniscus behind it - may block Eustachian tube due to mucosal inflammation - untreated --> scars ossicles --> hearing loss
43
mastoiditis
infections travel thru aditus into mastoid air cells - especially in children, otitis media spreads superiorly thru petrotympanic fissure causing osteomyelitis of tegmen tympani (roof of middle ear)
44
1st arch ear structures
malleus incus tensor tympani
45
2nd arch ear structures
stapes | stapedius
46
1st cleft ear structures
external acoustic meatus
47
1st pouch ear structures
pharyngotympanic tube | middle ear cavity
48
otic placode ear structures
membranous labyrinth in inner ear
49
tympanic membrane forms where during development?
at interface of 1st pouch and 1st cleft
50
cochlea contains which ganglion
spiral ganglion (DRG equivalent for CN VIII)
51
labyrinthine a.
- off the anterior inferior cerebellar a. | - travels thru internal acoustic meatus to supply INNER ear
52
canals within the inner ear form the _______ labyrinth
canals within the inner ear form the BONY labyrinth (fluid-filled, perilymph)
53
membranous labyrinth
membrane enclosed space within the bony labyrinth suspended by delicate filaments fluid-filled, endolymph 2 parts: vestibular labyrinth, and cochlear labyrinth
54
endolymphatic duct
from endolymphatic sac, fills up all parts of membranous labyrinth with endolymphatic fluid
55
perilymphatic space is connected to the _________ which is continuous w/ the subarachnoid space
perilymphatic space is connected to the COCHLEAR AQUEDUCT which is continuous w/ the subarachnoid space perilymph resembles extracellular fluid in composition (sodium salts are the predominate positive electrolyte) and, via the perilymphatic duct, is in continuity with CSF.
56
endolymph function is important for function of inner ear, how?
if pressure of endolymph too great, or if ionic concentration is off --> hair cells can't move --> tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo
57
Meniere's syndrome
xs endolymph production or blockage of endolymphatic duct --> recurrent tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo
58
tiny hole just below internal acoustic meatus
for cochlear aqueduct | continuous w/ subarachnoid space
59
what is the sliver shape on ridge of bone, just above sigmoid sinus?
vestibular aqueduct conveys endolymphatic duct (conveys endolymphatic fluid thru temporal bone) there will be little pouch just underneath the dura for this
60
vestibular labyrinth
semicircular ducts utricle saccule
61
utricle and saccule
- contain hair cells sensitive to gravity and linear movement of head - hair cells concentrated in areas called maculae - hair cells embedded in jelly containing otoliths (statoconia) which pulls jelly in direction of gravity - sensitive to movement in same plane as macula
62
utricle macula
horizontal plane
63
saccule macula
vertical plane
64
semicircular ducts
anterior, posterior, and lateral duct sensitive to ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT of head hair cells concentrated in ampullary crest (CRISTA) within the ampulla within cristae, hair cells embedded in cupula (gelatinous) movement of fluid across cupola --> depolarization of hair cells, signals along vestibular nerve
65
balance and positional awareness are integrations of which systems
vestibular and visual systems
66
anterior (superior) semicircular duct
responsive to nodding head yes
67
lateral (horizontal) semicircular duct
responsive to shaking head no
68
posterior semicircular duct
responsive to cartwheels, more angular rotation
69
motion sickness
- Maculae of membranous labyrinth are static organs, filled with otoliths which bend the hair cells to stimulate the vestibular nerve providing motion awareness. - If the vestibular stimulation is disproportionate or there is discordance between visual input and vestibular input, motion sickness results. (stopped turning, but have sensation of turning in opp direction as moving fluid directs hairs in opp direction)
70
modiolus
inner core of bone in cochlea which houses spiral ganglion
71
cochlear duct contains
endolymph
72
scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain ____ fluid
scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain PERILYMPH fluid
73
mechanical energy transmitted through the oval window causes vibrations within fluids of _________
mechanical energy transmitted through the oval window causes vibrations within fluids of COCHLEA
74
organ of corti
senses vibrations within fluids of the cochlea that were transmitted through the oval window
75
inner hair cells of cochlear system
- afferent innervation | - stereocilia in endolymph
76
outer hair cells of cochlear system
- afferent and efferent innervation | - stereocilia embedded in tectorial membrane
77
basilar membrane
resonant structure dif parts of membrane have dif physical properties regions of the basilar membrane vibrate in response to certain frequencies movement of membrane bends sterocilia
78
sensorineural hearing loss
- defects or damage to cochlea or cochlear n. cochlear nuclei info --> primary auditory cortex
79
presbycusis and high tone hearing loss
aging and persistent exposure to excessively loud sounds inner hair cells at basal end= most susceptible to damage difficulty hearing consonants (s, f, h, th, k, p), or in loud situations
80
conductive hearing loss
loss of sound conduction from external or middle ear impaired movement of oval or round window cochlear implant
81
processus cochleariformis
bump where medial wall of middle ear joins w/ anterior wall, forms fulcrum for tensor tympani m. as it comes across middle ear
82
pyramidal eminence
small projection on mastoid wall of inner ear encloses STAPEDIUS m.
83
the ___ bone transmits movement to the oval window
the STAPES bone transmits movement to the oval window
84
Locating bony opening of pharyngotympanic tube at base of skull
just posterior to foramen ovale and foramen spinosum, look for groove with a hole the entrance to the bony canal is found between foramen spinosum and carotid canal
85
pharyngotympanic tube is easily blocked by swelling of...
its mucosal membrane
86
each semicircular duct has an expanded part at the lateral end, called the ampulla, where it joins the _____
utricle
87
utriculosaccular duct
- part of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear - connects 2 parts of the vestibule, the utricle and the saccule - continues to the endolymphatic duct and ends in the endolymphatic sac
88
ductus reuniens
connects the lower part of the saccule to the cochlear duct
89
tectorial membrane
gelatinous membrane, stereocilia embedded within
90
scala media
cochlear duct
91
____ hair cells act as cochlear acoustic amplifiers
OUTER hair cells act as cochlear acoustic amplifiers
92
describe the 2 ends of the basilar membrane
basal end (narrow, stiff, HIGH pitch sounds) apical end (wide, floppy, responsive to LOW sounds)
93
the cartilaginous part of the Eustachian tube opens into the
nasal pharynx

Emma H&N II (49 decks)

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