Early and middle childhood development

Question 1

what are erikson’s stages of early psychosocial development?

Answer 1

• basic trust vs mistrust (infancy)
• autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3 yrs)
• initiative vs guilt (3-5 yrs)

Question 2

basic trust vs mistrust age and characteristics?

Answer 2

• infancy
• infants are dependant on caregiver to meet their needs and provide comfort
• when caregiver meets needs, infant develops trust
• otherwise, child develops wariness and a lack of comfort

Question 3

what is hope in terms of basic trust vs mistrust?

Answer 3

a balance of openness to new experience and wariness that discomfort or danger may arise

Question 4

autonomy vs shame and doubt age and characteristics?

Answer 4

• 1-3 yrs
• children develop a sense of control over their own actions
• if autonomy is not achieved children are shameful and doubt their own capabilities

Question 5

what is will in terms of autonomy vs shame and doubt?

Answer 5

can act intentionally but within limits

Question 6

initiative vs guilt age and characteristics?

Answer 6

• 3-5 yrs
• children develop imagination for possibilities for themselves
• play becomes purposeful and includes paying the roles of mother, father, teacher or athlete
• with proper encouragement and balance, initiative cooperation are developed

Question 7

what is theory of mind?

Answer 7

a coherent understanding of mental states including thoughts, beliefs, desires and intentions

Question 8

what are the different ages and stages in theory of mind?

Answer 8

• 2 years = children understand desires and their relationship with actions
• 3 years = children able to distinguish between mental and physical worlds
• 4 years = children have a firm grasp of the nature of how thoughts and beliefs explain behaviour

Question 9

what is autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 9

-condition consisting of a set of developmental and behavioural features

Question 10

what do the core features of autism include impairments in?

Answer 10

• social interactions
• communication
• restricted, repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests and activities

Question 11

what kind of tests do kids with ASD have trouble with?

Answer 11

false belief test reflecting deficits in theory of mind.

Question 12

what does difficulty with theory of mind appear as?

Answer 12

lack of empathy

Question 13

survival rates and attachment?

Answer 13

bowlby notices that children who form attachments to an adult are more likely to survive

Question 14

steps and ages towards attachment?

Answer 14

• preattachment stage (0-6/8 weeks)
• attachment in the making (6-8 weeks to 6-8 months)
• true attachment (6-8 months to 18 months)
• reciprocal relationships (18 months on)

Question 15

stage 1 of attachment?

Answer 15

• pre-attachment stage
• 0 to 6-8 weeks
• recognise mother
• elicit caregiving

Question 16

stage 2 of attachment?

Answer 16

• attachment in the making
• 6-8 weeks to 6-8 months
• more easily consoled by mother

Question 17

stage 3 of attachment?

Answer 17

• true attachment
• 6-8 months to 18 months
• single out mother as secure base

Question 18

stage 4 of attachment?

Answer 18

• reciprocal relationship
• 18 months +
• toddler increasingly acts as a partner in relationship
• anticipates that parent will return after separation

Question 19

what is strange situation experiment?

Answer 19

• ainsworth introduced children and mothers to a room from which the mother then left. upon her return the nature of the child’s reaction was studied
• 4 types of reactions were observed

Question 20

what were the 4 reactions to the strange situation experiment?

Answer 20

• secure attachment = child is comforted, crying stops, child explores again
• avoidant attachment = child ignores or turns away
• resistant attachment = baby is upset and remains upset/difficult to console
• disorganised attachment = child seems confused and is unsure of reaction

Question 21

what were the percentage of children in the 4 reactions to the strange situation experiment?

Answer 21

• secure (60-65%)
• avoidant (20%)
• resistant (15%)
• disorganised (5-10%)

Question 22

parenting?

Answer 22

• warmth
• sensitivity
• responsiveness
• dependability

Question 23

other factors related to quality of attachment?

Answer 23

• cultural variation
• multiple attachment experiences
• temperament
• parent’s own attachment history
• parent’s mental illness

Question 24

consequences of attachment?

Answer 24

• children with secure attachments are more confident and successful with peers
• securely attached children have fewer conflicts with friendships with peers

Question 25

internal working model?

Answer 25

-expectations derived from early caregiving experiences concerning the availability of attachment figures and one's interactions with those figures

Question 26

ages and levels of playing?

Answer 26

- around 1 year child engages in parallel play, playing alongside with minimal interaction - 15-18 months, children do similar activities and smile at each other in simple social play - about 2 years, children engage in cooperative play. play roles and interact

Question 27

what do girls do when they play?

Answer 27

tend to support girl peers in enabling

Question 28

what do boys do when they play?

Answer 28

tend to contradict, threaten and compete with boy peers inactivity known as constricting

Question 29

parental influence on play and consequences?

Answer 29

- parents help and play along - parents mediate - parents play caching role in diffusing aggression and competition - children whose parents engage in these activities are often more socially skillful

Question 30

cooperation and children?

Answer 30

- older children are more likely to cooperate - children who observe peers cooperating are more likely to imitate them - children are more likely to cooperate when peers are responsive to their attempts

Question 31

what is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 31

any behaviour that benefits others

Question 32

what is altruism?

Answer 32

behaviour that does not benefit oneself but does benefit others, such as helping and sharing

Question 33

when is empathy more likely?

Answer 33

when a child reaches school age

Question 34

role of parents in the process of attachment?

Answer 34

- parents must be available to form an attachment to - parents must respond to a babies' behaviour e.g. crying, smiling, gazing - parents are needed by child to perform reassurance and comfort - mothers are main caregivers and primary attachment - fathers spend time in play