Early childhood Flashcards
(52 cards)
What is a percentile
that percentage of scores fall below it; therefore, a child whose weight is at the 20th percentile weighs more than 20%—and less than 80%—of children of the same age
process experienced by children who are
malnourished and consequently are short for their age
Stunting
percentage of people effected by stunting
22%
Four parts of the brain noted for their myelination during early childhood
Corpus callosum, cerebellum, hippocampus, reticular formation
What is the band of neural fibres connecting the two
hemispheres of the brain
Corpus callosum
What is the structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movements
Cerebellum
What is part of the lower brain, involved in attention
Reticular formation
What is structure involved in transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory
Hippocampus
What is the inability to remember anything that happened
prior to age 2
Infantile amnesia
What is a dietary deficiency of iron that causes problems such as fatigue, irritability and attention difficulties
Anaemia
What is the preference for using either the right or lefthand in gross and fine motor activities
handedness
What is the cognitive stage from age 2 to 7 during which the child becomes capable of representing the world symbolically—for example, through the use of language—but is still very limited in ability to use mental operations
preoperational stage
What is the mental ability to understand that the quantity of a substance or material remains the same even if its appearance changes
conservation
Piaget’s term for young children’s thinking as being centred, or focused, on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of other important aspects is?
centration
What is ability to reverse an action mentally
reversibility
What is cognitive inability to distinguish between one’s own perspective and another person’s perspective
egocentrism
What is tendency to attribute human thoughts and feelings to inanimate objects and forces
animism
What is the ability to understand that objects can be part of more than one cognitive group; for example, an object can be classified with red objects as well as with round objects
classification
What is the ability to understand thinking processes in one’s self and others
theory of mind
What is the course of development, a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is especially pronounced
sensitive period
social and cultural context of language that
guides people as to what is appropriate to
say and not to say in a given social situation
pragmatics
Explain the features of Piaget’s preoperational stage of
cognitive development.
prone to a variety of errors,
including centration
lack of reversibility
egocentrism and animism.
In this stage, children make mistakes in tasks of conservation and
classification.
Explain what ‘theory of mind’ is and the evidence for how it develops during early childhood.
Theory of mind is the ability to understand thinking processes in one’s self and others.
By age 2 increasing recognition that others have thoughts and emotions that can be contrasted with their own.
By age 3, children know it is possible for them and others to imagine something that is not physically present, an understanding that becomes the basis of pretend play for many years to come.
Perspective-taking ability advances considerably from age 3 to 6, as demonstrated by performance on false-belief tasks.
Identify the ways that cultural learning takes place in early childhood.
through observing and working alongside parents or siblings, and in many cultures children begin to make important work contributions to the family during this stage. In developed countries, children also gain cultural learning in the preschool setting
