Middle childhood

Question 1

What are cognitive structures
pertaining to common cultural activities

Answer 1

cultural models

Question 2

When does the sensitive period extend

Answer 2

second trimester of pregnancy to age 3

Question 3

What is the term for children, defined as having a BMI exceeding 18

Answer 3

overweight

Question 4

What is the term for children, defined as having a BMI exceeding 21

Answer 4

obesity

Question 5

What is the reason for drop in diseases over this period?

Answer 5

Vaccinations, stronger immune system, stronger bodies more resilient

Question 6

What is the most common chronic condition for children in Australia, affecting 11% under age 14

Answer 6

Asthma

Question 7

Most common injury in middle childhood?

Answer 7

car accidents, drowning and burns

Question 8

Identify the changes in physical and sensory development that take place during middle childhood.

Answer 8

physical growth about 5–8 cm per year in height and about 2.5–3 kg per year in weight.
Loss of teeth and adult teeth growing.
Hearing improvement
1/4 of children become nearsighted during middle childhood

Question 9

Explain how motor development advances in middle childhood and how these advancements are related to new skills
and participation in games and sports

Answer 9

Gross motor skills improve:
improved balance, increased strength, better coordination, greater agility and faster reaction time. Participation in sports .
Fine motor development reaches nearly an adult level at this age
Across cultures, advances are especially evident in two areas: drawing and writing.

Question 10

Describe the negative effects of both malnutrition and obesity on development and identify the causes of obesity.

Answer 10

Studies have shown that better nourished children are more energetic, less anxious, show more positive emotion and score
higher than malnourished children on a wide range of cognitive measures in middle childhood. Across countries, rates of
overweight and obesity are highest in the most affluent regions and lowest in the poorest regions. Obesity is a cultural phenomenon, and a variety of social and cultural changes have contributed to this
problem, including diets with more fast food and high rates of television viewing. Genetics also make a contribution. Socially,
being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be excluded and the object of ridicule by peers. Physically, obesity can result in diabetes in middle childhood, which eventually can lead to problems
such as blindness, kidney failure and stroke.

Question 11

Explain why rates of illness and injury are relatively low in middle childhood and why rates of asthma have risen.

Answer 11

Low rates of illnesses and diseases due to stronger immune systems.
Increased immunisation rates and better public health policies.
Increased asthma due to carpets, pets and airtight windows, and in developing countries due to worsening air pollution.
More agile and better at anticipating situations that may cause injury.

Question 12

in Piaget’s theory, the cognitive stage in
which children become capable of using
mental operations

Answer 12

concrete operations

Question 13

ability to arrange things in a logical order,
such as shortest to longest, thinnest to
thickest, or lightest to darkest

Answer 13

Seriation

Question 14

condition more likely to affect boy than girls

Answer 14

ADHD

Question 15

memory strategies, such as rehearsal,
organisation and elaboration

Answer 15

mneumonics

Question 16

mnemonic that involves repeating the same information over and over

Answer 16

rehearsal

Question 17

mnemonic that involves placing things
mentally into meaningful categories

Answer 17

organisation

Question 18

mnemonic that involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects them and hence makes them easier to remember

Answer 18

elaboration

Question 19

understanding of how memory works

Answer 19

metamemory

Question 20

capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning and solving problems

Answer 20

intelligence

Question 21

The most widely used intelligence test for 6-16

Answer 21

Wechsler intelligence test

Question 22

What is the score of mental ability as assessed by intelligence tests, calculated relative to the performance of other people of the same age

Answer 22

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

Question 23

What is the level of cognitive abilities of people who score 70 or below on IQ tests

Answer 23

intellectual disability

Question 24

What is the steep rise in the median IQ score in Western countries during the 20th century, named after James Flynn, who first identified it

Answer 24

Flynn effect

Question 25

Gardner’s theory that there are eight distinct types of intelligence

Answer 25

theory of multiple intelligences

Question 26

Sternberg’s theory that there are three distinct but related forms of intelligence

Answer 26

triarchic theory of intelligence

Question 27

the understanding of language, skills that reflect awareness of the underlying structure of language

Answer 27

metalinguistic skills

Question 28

percentage of children aged 6-10 not attending primary school

Answer 28

18%

Question 29

What is the method of teaching reading that advocates breaking down words into their component sounds, called phonics, then putting the phonics together into words

Answer 29

phonics approach

Question 30

method of teaching reading in which the emphasis is on the meaning of written language in whole passages, rather than breaking down words into their smallest components

Answer 30

whole-language approach

Question 31

difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic

Answer 31

dyscalculia

Question 32

Explain the major cognitive advances that occur during Piaget’s concrete operations stage.

Answer 32

conservation, improved classification skills and the understanding of seriation.

Question 33

Describe how attention and memory change from early childhood to middle childhood

Answer 33

use of memory strategies such as rehearsal, organisation and elaboration.

Question 34

What is the research method that involves having people wear beepers or have access to a mobile device or hand-held computer, usually for a period of 1 week; when they are alerted at random times during the day, they record a variety of characteristics of their experience at that moment

Answer 34

Experience Sampling Method (ESM)

Question 35

emotional state of experiencing two contradictory emotions at once

Answer 35

ambivalence

Question 36

person’s perception and evaluation of themself

Answer 36

self-concept

Question 37

how people view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities or achievements

Answer 37

social comparison

Question 38

person’s overall sense of worth and wellbeing

Answer 38

self-esteem

Question 39

general term used to describe people who do not retain the gender identity they were assigned at birth

Answer 39

transgender

Question 40

general term used to describe people who biologically are not unambiguously male or female exclusively

Answer 40

intersex

Question 41

general term used to describe people who retain the gender identity they were given at birth

Answer 41

cisgender

Question 42

relationship between parents and children in which parents provide broad guidelines for behaviour but children are capable of a substantial amount of independent, selfdirected behaviour

Answer 42

co-regulation

Question 43

quality of the relationships between family members

Answer 43

family process

Question 44

pattern in relations between parents and children in which children’s disobedient behaviour evokes harsh responses from parents, which in turn makes children even more resistant to parental control, evoking even harsher responses

Answer 44

coercive cycle

Question 45

in social relations, the principle that people tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves

Answer 45

selective association

Question 46

within a group, the degree of power, authority and influence that each person has in the view of the others

Answer 46

social status

Question 47

in social encounters, evaluations of others’ intentions, motivations and behaviour

Answer 47

social information processing

Question 48

pattern of maltreatment of peers, including aggression, repetition and power imbalance

Answer 48

bullying

Question 49

What is Erikson's stage for middle childhood

Answer 49

industry versus inferiority

Question 50

A child is able to prepare himself breakfast, provided that he follows his parents’ rules and does not use the stove. This demonstrates?

Answer 50

co-regulation