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Dent Y3 > EBP > Flashcards

EBP Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of observational study gives the strongest evidence?

A

cohort

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2
Q

Which type of study gives the strongest evidence?

A

Randomised Control Trial

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3
Q

What are the 5 types of study?

A

Randomised Controlled Trial, Cohort Study, Case-control Study, Cross-sectional Study, Ecological Study

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4
Q

What does the P stand for in PECO?for observational studies

A

Patient/Problem/Population

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5
Q

What does the E stand for in PECO for observational studies?

A

Exposure

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6
Q

What does the C stand for in PECO for observational studies?

A

Control

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7
Q

What does the O stand for in PECO for observational studies?

A

Outcome

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8
Q

What does the P stand for in PICO for interventional studies?

A

Patient/problem/population

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9
Q

What does the I stand for in PICO for interventional studies?

A

Intervention

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10
Q

What does the C stand for in PICO for interventional studies?

A

comparison/control/comparator

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11
Q

What does the O stand for in PICO for interventional studies?

A

Outcome

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12
Q

What is a risk ratio?

A

an indication of strength of association between exposure and outcome

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13
Q

What is risk ratio also known as?

A

relative risks

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14
Q

How do you calculate risk ratio?

A

risk in exposed group/risk in unexposed group

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15
Q

How do you calculate risk?

A

number of new cases of outcome in time period/number without outcome at onset

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16
Q

What should always be presented with risk ratios?

A

confidence intervals and p-values

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17
Q

What does it mean if risk ratio is 1?

A

the risk is the same in the exposed and unexposed group

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18
Q

What does it mean if the risk ratio is less than 1?

A

there is a reduction in risk

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19
Q

What does it mean if the risk ratio is more than 1?

A

there is an increase in risk

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20
Q

How can you calculate risk difference?

A

risk in exposed group - risk in unexposed group

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21
Q

What are some strengths of cohort studies?

A

exposure precedes the outcome, measurement bias for the exposure is minimised, outcome incidence and risk can be measured directly

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22
Q

What are some weaknesses of cohort studies?

A

time consuming and expensive, large sample sizes, long follow up periods needed for rare outcomes, loss to follow up bias possible, measurement bias for the outcome possible

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23
Q

What is an odds ratio?

A

an indication of the strength of association between exposure and outcome

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24
Q

How can you calculate odds ratio?

A

odds in exposed group/odds in unexposed group

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25
Q

How can you calculate odds?

A

number of cases/number of controls

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26
Q

What should odds ratio always be presented with?

A

confidence intervals and p-values

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27
Q

Can you calculate risk in case-control studies?

A

no

28
Q

What are some strengths of case control studies?

A

relatively quick as no follow up, efficient for rare outcomes, no loss to follow up bias, measurement bias for the outcome should be minimised

29
Q

What are some weaknesses of case control studies?

A

Can’t be sure exposure precedes outcome, can’t calculate risk, selection bias may be likely, measurement bias for the exposure is possible

30
Q

What is a confounder?

A

third factor that provides an alternative explanation for the observed association between the exposure and outcome

31
Q

What is an adjusted estimate?

A

when you have adjusted the association between the exposure and outcome to account for confounders

32
Q

What does it mean if the adjusted and unadjusted estimates are similar?

A

no confounding

33
Q

What does it mean if the adjusted and unadjusted estimates are different?

A

confounding

34
Q

What is subgroup analysis?

A

stratified analysis

35
Q

When is subgroup analysis appropriate?

A

if there is evidence of main effects and an interaction/effect modification

36
Q

When is confounding present?

A

when the observed effect is distorted by the influence of another variable

37
Q

When is an interaction/effect modification present?

A

if the estimate of association differs according to categories of another variable

38
Q

What is a systematic review?

A

scientific investigations of primary research studies

39
Q

Do systematic reviews provide strong evidence?

A

yes

40
Q

Why should you perform a systematic review?

A

to collate results of primary studies into a single estimate, to increase precision of data, to potentially resolve discrepancies between existing studies, establish conclusions

41
Q

What are the five steps of a systematic review?

A

establish a research question, determine the inclusion and exclusion criteria, define a search strategy and screening of papers, assess the quality and risk of bias, collate results of studies to provide one estimate

42
Q

What is a meta analysis?

A

results from each study are collated into a single estimate

43
Q

Do all studies in a meta-analysis have the same weighting?

A

no, the larger a sample size, the more weight that study is given

44
Q

What does a fixed effects model assume?

A

we are measuring the effect of the same exposure or intervention on the same outcome and the only reason for differing effect sizes between studies is due to sampling and random error

45
Q

What does a random effects model assume?

A

we are measuring the effect of the same exposure or intervention on the same outcome and effect sizes differ between studies due to sampling and random error and other differences between studies

46
Q

What does the I squared statistic describe?

A

the percentage of the variability in effect estimates that is due to heterogeneity rather than chance

47
Q

Which effects model should be used when the I squared statistic is greater than 50%?

A

random effects model

48
Q

Which effects model should be used when the I squared statistic is less than 50%?

A

fixed effects model

49
Q

What is publication bias?

A

when journals may be more likely to publish studies which find an association in comparison to studies which find no association

50
Q

How can you assess publication bias?

A

funnel plots and statistical tests

51
Q

How do you graphically display a meta-analysis?

A

forest plot

52
Q

How can you calculate heterogeneity?

A

I squared statistical test

53
Q

What is a natural experiment?

A

a study design that occurs in nature

54
Q

What is the newcastle ottawa scale used to asses?

A

the quality of the studies

55
Q

What is CASP?

A

Critical Appraisal Skills Programme

56
Q

What are the 7 principles of quality in qualitative research?

A

credibility, transferability, dependability, trustworthiness, integrity, transparency, conformability

57
Q

What is credibility?

A

whether the research method is appropriate for the research question

58
Q

What does it mean if a research question is appropriate?

A

the findings will accurately reflect the viewpoints and experiences of the participants

59
Q

What is transferability?

A

whether the findings of the study can be applied to other settings or sample populations

60
Q

What is dependability?

A

whether the method is explained to a sufficient detail to allow others to replicate the study

61
Q

What is trustworthiness?

A

whether there is any conflict of interest by the researchers, whether there are any ethical issues

62
Q

What is integrity?

A

whether it is clear who is checking the data at the inputting, analysis and write up stages

63
Q

What is transparency?

A

whether there is full disclosure of all the procedural aspects of the research and if it complies with the reporting standards

64
Q

What is conformability?

A

whether attempts have been made to ensure that the findings represent the thoughts of the participants and not the researcher

65
Q

How can you ensure conformability and avoid researcher bias?

A

let participants be able to read the transcripts

Dent Y3 (23 decks)

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