EBP final Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
evidence based practice
A
practice using best available evidence, patient preference and clinical judgement
2
Q
EBP components
A
- research based information
- clinical expertise
- patient preference
3
Q
EBP barriers
A
- individual
- organizational
- research related
4
Q
individual EBP barriers
A
resistant to change
lack value / knowledge of EBP
lack of skills to obtain evidence
5
Q
organizational EBP barriers
A
resistant to change
lack resources to access evidence
6
Q
research related EBP barriers
A
communication gap b/t researcher and clinician
writing associated with reports
lack of telling research findings
7
Q
research
A
systematic study that leads to new knowledge / solutions to problems or questions
8
Q
quality improvement project
A
structured continuous activity designed to improve how care is delivered to pts
-change at systematic level
9
Q
research difference
A
-generates new knowledge
-research question
-participants
-describe phenomenon, find relationship, test intervention
-evaluates findings in light of research question
10
Q
EBP difference
A
-applies new knowledge to care
-based on literature evidence
-clinical question
-patients
-change practice in clinical setting
-evaluates change based on pt outcomes
11
Q
impetus for change
A
- new knowledge
- safety concern
- healthcare outcomes
- healthcare cost
- societal need for professional nursing
- conferring with others
12
Q
overcoming change barriers
A
- engage stakeholders
- engage admin
- culture of safety
- care bundles
- interprofessional collaboration
- overcome research barriers
- ensure nurses meet EBP competencies
13
Q
knowledge translation
A
collaborative process that includes
-synthesis
-dissemination
-exchange
-ethically sound application of knowledge
14
Q
change process attributes
A
- collaboration
- action
- receptivity
- process
- translation
- improved health outcomes
15
Q
hierarchy of evidence
A
seven level scale used to rate strength of evidence
16
Q
level I
A
highest quality of evidence
-summarizes more than one study
-synopses
-meta-analysis
-systematic reviews
-clinical practice guidelines
17
Q
level II
A
randomized control trials
18
Q
level III
A
quasi-experimental designs
19
Q
level IV
A
no manipulation of IV
-correlational design
-cohort study
-case control study
-quantitive findings from mixed method
20
Q
level V
A
consists of synthesis
-integrative reviews
-metasynthesis
21
Q
level VI
A
descriptive research
-descriptive survey design
-qualitative findings from mixed method
-single qualitative studies
-EBP projects
-quality improvement projects
-case studies
-concept analysis
22
Q
level VII
A
evidence from authority opinions, reports of expert committees, manufacturer’s recommendation
-narrative reviews
23
Q
meta-analysis
A
estimates effect of intervention by using statistical methods to analyze data from published and unpublished studies
**study about studies!!
24
Q
systematic review
A
systematic synthesis of research findings from experimental and quasi-experimental studies on a clinical problem
25
quasi-experimental
has manipulation of the IV but lacks randomization of experimental and control groups
26
mixed method design
combines quantitative and qualitative data
27
correlational design
nonexperimental design used to study relationships b/t two or more variables
28
cohort study
participants are selected based on their exposure to a particular factor
29
case control
participants are grouped on presence / absence of particular disease
30
integrative review
scholarly papers that include published nonexperimental studies to answer clinical question
31
metasynthesis
systematic review of qualitative studies
32
narrative review
papers based on common / uncommon elements of work without concern for research methods, design, or setting
33
research types by aims
descriptive
explanatory
predictive
34
descriptive research
no intervention, description of natural setting
35
explanatory research
explains relationships among variables
36
predictive research
predicts differences with intervention
37
research types by method
qualitative
quantitative
mixed method
38
qualitative research
non-numerical, gets meaning from words
39
quantitative research
uses statistics, presented in graphs / tables
40
mixed method research
combines quantitative + qualitative
41
research types by time
longitudinal
cross sectional
42
longitudinal research
data is collected at multiple points
43
cross sectional research
data is gathered once / period of days
44
inductive reasoning
moves from particular to general
ex: daisy is a swan and white, danny is a swan and white, dante is a swan and white -----> all swans are white
45
deductive reasoning
moves from general to particular
ex: all swans are white --> daisy is a swan ----> daisy is white
46
research article
1. title
2. abstract
3. keywords
4. introduction
5. literature review
6. method
7. result
8. discussion
9. conclusion
10. references
47
abstract
100-150 words , brief overview of study
48
keywords
5-10 keywords that represent the article
49
introduction
background of research problem
purpose of study - address significance of study
50
literature review
previous recent studies - what is known about the problem
51
method
study design
sample
measurement / tool
process of data collection
analysis method
52
results
findings from data analysis
53
discussion
interpretation of results, any limitations
54
conclusion
summary of findings, suggestions, implications
55
in APA citation what is italicized....
name of periodical
volume #
***do not italicize the issue number
56
research question
comes from...
1. personal clinical experience
2. professional literature / previous evidence
3. current nursing theories
4. national initiatives
57
research question W5H1
1. who
2. what
3. when
4. where
5.
1. how
58
formulating a research question
-population
-setting
-problem
-intervention / solution
-method
59
hypotheses
formal statement about expected / predicted relationships b/t two or more variables
**must be testable and measurable
60
associative relationship
type of relationship where one variable changes the other one does as well
**can be positive or negative
61
causal relationship
when one variable determines the presence / change in another
62
simple hypothesis
describes relationship b/t only TWO variables
63
complex hypothesis
describes relationship b/t THREE or more variables
64
null hypothesis
no relationship between variables exists
65
research hypothesis (alternative)
there is a existing relationship between variables
66
variables
can be measured
-directly : BP, WBC count, RR
-indirectly : questionnaires or scales
67
independent variable
influences the DV
68
dependent variable
is influenced by the IV
69
confounding variable
interferes with the relationship between the IV and DV
70
population
refers to all members of a group of interest whom you intend to generalize the results of your study
71
accessible population
part of population you can access
72
sample
part of population that you will investigate
73
sampling frame
list of all possible elements in the accessible population
74
sample must represent...
the population to maximize generalizability and reliability
75
probability sampling methods
1. simple random
2. systematic sample
3. stratified sample
4. cluster sample
76
simple random sampling
randomly selecting elements from accessible population
77
probability sampling
occurs when elements in accessible population have equal chance of being selected for the study
78
stratified random sampling
selecting elements from accessible population that has been divided into groups (strata)
79
cluster sampling
selecting elements from larger to smaller subsets of accessible population
80
systematic random sampling
every "kth" element is selected from a numbered list of accessible population , starting point on list is randomly selected
81
nonprobability sampling methods
1. convenience sampling
2. quota sampling
3. snowball sampling
4. purposive sampling
82
convenience sampling
elements are selected because they are easy to access
83
nonprobability sampling
does not require random selection of elements
84
quota sampling
selection of elements from accessible population that has been divided into groups
85
purposive sampling
used in qualitative studies to select distinct group of people who have lived the experience or expertise in what is being studied
86
snowball sampling
recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants
87
recruitment
process of contacting / enrolling participants in a study
88
recruitment process
-must screen participants based on inclusion / exclusion criteria
-methods such as flyers, ads, emails, letters
-participants must represent population
-maximize retention
-check why some individuals did not participate
89
research process steps
1. identify question
2. conduct literature review
3. identify theoretical framework
4. select research design
5. implement study
6. analyze data
7. draw conclusion
8. tell findings
90
level I-IV studies
quantitative studies
91
level V-VII
qualitative / descriptive studies
92
level I and V
synthesis (secondary) study
93
level II, III, IV, VII
individual (primary) study
94
effective searching
-database : NO sentences
-major concepts : keywords / PICO
-synonyms
-subject headings
-limits
95
qualitative research characteristics
1. extensive data collection : months - years
2. occurs in natural setting
3. researcher is key instrument
4. data obtained via multiple methods
5. emergent design
6. holistic account
96
qualitative data collection
-interviews
-observation
-documents
97
purposive sampling
method to recruit specific persons who could provide inside information
**qualitative data
98
phenomenology
qualitative research describing lived experiences to achieve understanding from participants perspective
99
grounded theory
develop a theory grounded from data in the field
-studies a process, interaction, action involving many individuals
-no set sample size
100
ethnographic research
describes a culture, study groups (immersing yourself into culture)
101
historical research
based on documentation of sources, used to examine events / people to understand the past
102
qualitative interviews
structured vs. semistructured
103
structured interview
going in with a script and cannot go off of it
104
semi-structured interview
going in with a plan but can branch off and ask your own questions
105
qualitative research ethics
-do not pressure participants
-respect cultures
-respect sites
-do not "use" participants
106
qualitative evaluation
-prolonged engagement / persistant observation
-triangulation
-peer debriefing
-member checking
-negative case analysis
-reflexivity
107
control
ability to manipulate / regulate / statistically adjust for factors that can affect dependent variable
108
manipulation
treatment / implementation / IV in a study to determine effect on DV
109
bias
influence that distorts the results of the study
110
random assignment
equal chance of being assigned to either the treatment or control group
111
single blinding
participants do not know which study group they are in
112
double blind
blinding both experimenter and participants
113
experimental (true) research
designs involving random assignment to groups and manipulation of the IV
114
correlational research
non-experimental research that is used to study relationships between two variables
115
experimental design includes...
1. manipulation
2. control
3. randomization
116
experimental design strength
gives level II evidence
good in examining cause and effect relationship
117
nonexperimental design
IV is not manipulated
subjects not random
no control group
no cause and effect claims
118
nonexperimental design use...
describing
explaining
predicting
119
data collection plan
1. set timeline
2. determine collection method
3. develop data management plan
120
data analysis process
1. prepare data and enter into computer
2. clean data file
3. run descriptive stats
4. run inferential stats
121
categorical measurement
nominal and ordinal
122
nominal
different in name only, CANNOT rank or order
**weakest kind of measurement
123
ordinal
can be ranked or ordered, still in categories
124
continuous measurement
interval and ratio
125
interval
fixed unit of measurement WITHOUT meaningful zero
126
ratio
fixed unit of measurement WITH meaningful zero
ex: money , age
127
descriptive statistics
numbers that summarize data, does not generalize beyond data
-mean, median, mode, percentage, standard deviation, range
128
inferential statistics
make predictions about a population based on sample
129
chi-squared test
nominal and ordinal data
130
t-test
compares the mean of the two groups
131
analysis of variance
used for more than 3 groups
132
pearson's r test
two variables of interval or ratio data
133
multiple regression
many IVs to only one DV
134
alpha
significance level
MUST be identified before running stats
0.05 = 5%
135
P-value
probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as results actually observed
136
p < 0.05
statistically significant , REJECT THE NULL
137
p > 0.05
statistically not significant , do not reject the null
138
PICOT
-patient population
-intervention of interest
-comparison of interest
-outcome of interest
-time
139
study validity
measure of truth / accuracy of a claim
-ability to accept result as logical, reasonable, justifiable
140
internal validity
degree to which one can conclude that the IV produced changes in the DV
141
internal validity threat
-selection bias
-history effect
-maturation
-mortality
-testing effect
-instrumentation
142
history effect
effects of unexpected events that take place concurrently of IV
143
instrumentation
inaccurate data collection / changes in methods of measurement / collector b/t two data points
144
construct validity
if selection or measurement measures concept accurately
145
construct validity threats
-bias
-confounding variable
-reactivity
-experimenter expectancies
146
reactivity (hawthorne effect)
participants change their behavior or performance in response to what is being observed
147
statistical conclusion validity
degree to which results of statistical analysis reflect true relationship among IV and DV
148
type 1 errors
rejecting a true null hypothesis
149
type 2 errors
accepting a false null hypothesis
150
external validity
degree to which results of the study can be generalized to other participants, settings, times
151
external validity threats
-selection effects
-interactions
152
selection effects
sample does not represent population
153
reliability
consistency of a research study or measuring test
154
study appraisal
studies will have flaws / limitations
-evidence is powerful and effective , need to consider feasibility based on policy / pt preference / ethical issues
155
belmont report
1. respect for persons
2. beneficence
3. justice
156
respect for persons
individuals should be treated as anonymous
-recognition that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection
157
beneficence
do no harm
-maximize possible benefits and minimize harm
158
justice
equity or fairness in distribution of burdens and benefits
159
full review
necessary when vulnerable populations are involved or when risks are not minimal
160
expedited review
option when there is minimal risk to human subjects
161
minimal risk
probability and magnitude of discomfort are not greater than those of encountered in daily life during performance of routine physical / testing
162
synthesis
written paper including discussion from several sources
-shows connection, patterns, themes from a source that have relationship to one another
163
writing a synthesis
1. start with summarizing info from the sources
2. think of similarities and differences
3. compare and contrast their ideas giving credit to their own ideas and your own
