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EBP > Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

evidence based practice

A

practice based on best available evidence , patient preference , and clinical judgements

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2
Q

EBP components

A
  1. research based information
  2. clinical expertise
  3. patient preference
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3
Q

research

A

planned / systematic activity leading to new knowledge and / or discovery of solutions to problems

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4
Q

research difference

A

generates knowledge
-participants
-evaluates findings in light of research question
-research question

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5
Q

EBP difference

A

applies new knowledge into care
-patients
-change practice in clinical setting
-evaluate practice by measuring patient outcomes

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6
Q

quality improvement projects

A

normally specific to an organization

-continuous activity designed to systematically improve way care is delivered

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7
Q

adopting EBP….

A

slow process even when benefits and advantages of innovation are evident

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8
Q

barriers to change

A
  1. organizational
  2. individual
  3. research related
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9
Q

organizational barriers

A

lack resources to access evidence
resistant to change

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10
Q

individual barriers

A

lack value / knowledge about EBP and research
resistant to change
lack of skills to obtain evidence

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11
Q

research related factors

A

communication gap b/t clinician and researcher
writing associated with research reports
lack of telling research findings

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12
Q

overcoming barriers of EBP

A

-engage admin
-have culture safety
-engage stakeholders
-implement care bundles
-promote collaboration
-overcome barriers
-ensure nurses meet EBP competencies

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13
Q

change process

A
  1. collaboration
  2. action
  3. receptivity
  4. process
  5. translation
  6. improved health outcomes
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14
Q

research is not….

A

an absolute knowledge there is possibility of error

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15
Q

research process steps

A
  1. identify question
  2. conduct review of literature
  3. identify theoretical framework
  4. select research design
  5. implement study
  6. analyze data
  7. draw conclusions
  8. tell findings
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16
Q

descriptive research

A

no intervention , description of natural setting

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17
Q

explanatory research

A

explains relationships among variables

-between 2 things

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18
Q

predictive research

A

predicts difference with intervention

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19
Q

quantitative research

A

uses numbers , statistics , tables and graphs

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20
Q

qualitative research

A

non-numerical , get meaning from words

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21
Q

mixed method research

A

quantitative + qualitative

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22
Q

longitudinal research

A

data collected at multiple points overtime

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23
Q

cross sectional research

A

data is gathered once , cannot tell time difference , gives absolute results

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24
Q

induction

A

research used to generate a theory

goes particular –> general
-qualitative

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25
Q

deduction

A

generates ideas from theories –> observations

goes general –> particular
-quantitative

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26
Q

research article components

A

title
abstract
keywords
introduction
literature review
method
result
discussion
conclusion
reference

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27
Q

abstract

A

100-150 words , brief overview of the studykey

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28
Q

keywords

A

5-10 keywords that represent the article

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29
Q

introduction

A

background of research problem , purpose of study –> address the significance

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30
Q

literature review

A

previous recent studies , what is known about the problem?

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31
Q

method

A

study design
sample
measurement tools
process of data collection
analysis methods

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32
Q

result

A

findings from data analysis

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33
Q

discussion

A

interpretation of results , limitations

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34
Q

conclusion

A

summary of findings , suggestions , implication

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35
Q

references

A

sited articles

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36
Q

research question

A

comes from …
-personal clinical experience
-professional literature
-current nursing theories
-national initiatives

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37
Q

formulating research question

A
  1. who, what, when, why, where, how
  2. population
  3. setting
  4. problem
  5. intervention
  6. method
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38
Q

a research question must….

A

be specific and measurable

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39
Q

study hypotheses

A

formal statements about expected or predicted relationships b/t two or more variables

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40
Q

associative hypothesis

A

relation / association / correlation
can be directional
-negative and positive

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41
Q

causal hypothesis

A

affecting one thing (IV) to another (DV)

-eating excess WILL make you gain more weight

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42
Q

simple hypothesis

A

two variables
-lung cancer and smoking

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43
Q

complex hypothesis

A

three or more variables
-obesity is associated with food, exercise, environment

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44
Q

null hypothesis

A

there is NO relationship between variables

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45
Q

research hypothesis

A

relationship EXISTS between variables

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46
Q

independent variable

A

influences the DV

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47
Q

dependent variable

A

influenced by the IV

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48
Q

confounding variable

A

interfere with the relationship b/t IV and DV

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49
Q

population

A

refers to all members of a group of interest , whom you intend to generalize results of study

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50
Q

accessible population

A

part of the population you can access

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51
Q

sample

A

part of the accessible population that you will actually investigate

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52
Q

sampling frame

A

list of all possible elements in accessible population

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53
Q

sample must represent….

A

the population to maximize generalizability

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54
Q

probability sampling

A

simple random sample
stratified sample
systemic sample
cluster sample

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55
Q

simple random sampling

A

randomly selecting elements from accessible population

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56
Q

systematic sample

A

method in which every 5th / 6th / etc. person is chosen

-starting point on the list is randomly selected

57
Q

stratified sample

A

selecting participants from accessible population that has been divided into groups

-gender , income etc.

58
Q

cluster sample

A

random sampling of groups

59
Q

non-probability sampling

A

snowball sampling
judgement sample
quota sample
convenience sample

60
Q

snowball sampling

A

recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referral from other participants

61
Q

judgement sampling

A

used in qualitative research
-picking participants for a reason

62
Q

quota sample

A

nonprobability sampling involving selection of participants from accessible population

-you pick people

63
Q

convenience sampling

A

nonprobability sampling in which participants are selected because they are easy to access

64
Q

research recruitment

A

process of contacting / enrolling participants in a study
-screen participants
-advertisement, flyers, letter, email
-participants represent population
-maximize retention
-check why individuals choose / to not choose to participate

65
Q

qualitative data

A

extensive collection , takes months to years

66
Q

qualitative research is gathered until this occurs

A

DATA SATURATION

67
Q

qualitative data occurs…

A

in natural settings

68
Q

qualitative data key instrument

A

THE RESEARCHER

69
Q

qualitative data methods

A

interviews
observation
documents

70
Q

qualitative interviews

A

structured = stick to script

semi-structured = could ask follow up questions not on script

71
Q

pseudoname

A

change name in qualitative data to remain anonymous

72
Q

focused group interview

A

need at least 5 people

73
Q

purposive sampling

A

pick individuals who have expertise in event or experience you are studying

-NO RANDOM SAMPLING
-also called convenience sampling

74
Q

phenomenology

A

focuses on lived experiences and serves to achieve understanding from perspective of pts

75
Q

grounded theory

A

develop a theory grounded in the field , studies a process / action / interaction

-no set sample size

76
Q

ethnographic research

A

involves studying groups and making collective observations

77
Q

which method is good for studying cultures

A

ethnographic research!!

-put yourself into that culture

78
Q

historical research

A

based on documentation of sources that re used to examine people or events

79
Q

research by aims

A

descriptive research
explanatory research
predictive research

80
Q

research by method

A

quantitative research
qualitative research
mixed-method research

81
Q

research by time

A

longitudinal research
cross sectional research

82
Q

qualitative data collection

A

interviews
observation
documents

83
Q

qualitative documents

A

journals kept by researchers
meeting minutes
chart reviews
field notes

84
Q

qualitative data preparation

A

recorded and transcribed

85
Q

qualitative data analysis

A

become familiar with the data!!!
-look for patterns
-code data into themes
-interpret data

86
Q

qualitative evaluation

A

-prolonged engagement and persistent observation
-triangulation
-peer debriefing
-member checking
-negative case analysis
-reflexivity

87
Q

qualitative triangluation

A

combines 3 things and if they align

  1. patient observation
  2. online survey result
  3. depth reviews
88
Q

qualitative validation

A

MOST important thing in qualitative research is to establish trustworthiness

89
Q

qualitative ethical issues

A

-do not pressure pt. into signing up
-respect indigenous societies
-respect site
-avoid deceiving participants
-do not “use” participants

90
Q

control

A

ability to manipulate / regulate / statistically adjust factors that affect the DV

91
Q

manipulation

A

treatment / implementation or IV in a study to determine effects on DV

92
Q

bias

A

influence that distorts results of study

-happens with no confounding variable

93
Q

random sampling

A

each person in population has equal chance of being selected

94
Q

ransom assignment

A

equal chance of being assigned to control or treatment group

95
Q

randomization

A

used in true experimental design, eliminates threat of internal validity

96
Q

single blind

A

participants do not know which study group they are in

97
Q

double blind

A

blinding both experimenters (assistants) and participants

98
Q

quantitative experimental research

A

true experimental research
quasi-experimental research

99
Q

quantitative non-experimental research

A

observational
correlational / descriptive

100
Q

experimental design components

A

manipulation
control
randomization

**examines difference between treated and untreated (control) subjects

101
Q

experimental design strength

A

powerful for examining cause and effect
provides level II evidence

102
Q

experimental design weakness

A

complicated and expensive to conduct
impractical for certain settings r/t ethics

103
Q

quasi experimental design

A

manipulation of IV
no randomization or control
less expensive , generalizable
provide level III evidence

104
Q

nonexperimental design

A

IV is not manipulated
subjects not randomized
no control
no cause and effect claims

105
Q

longitudinal design

A

used to gather data about subjects at more than one point in time

106
Q

cross sectional design

A

collects data about the IV and DV at the same time

-all data collected on the same day

107
Q

data collection plan

A
  1. set timeline
  2. determine collection method
  3. develop data management
108
Q

data analysis process

A
  1. prepare data and enter into computer program
  2. clean data file
  3. run descriptive stats
  4. run inferential stats to test hypothesis
109
Q

nominal measurement

A

different in name only CANNOT rank in order

ex :
gender
race
eye color

110
Q

ordinal measurement

A

CAN be ranked / ordered but still in categories

ex:
Freshman / Sophomore / Junior / Senior
Disagree / Neutral / Agree

111
Q

interval measurement

A

fixed unit of measurement WITHOUT meaningful zero

degree

112
Q

ratio measurement

A

fixed unit of measurement WITH meaningful zero

dollars
age
years of education

113
Q

categorical measurement

A

nominal and ordinal

114
Q

continuous measurement

A

interval and ratio

115
Q

descriptive statistics

A

explain characteristics of variables

mean, median, mode, SD, range, percentage

116
Q

inferential statistics

A

make inferences / prediction about population based on sample

117
Q

purpose of inferential statistics

A

test hypotheses
make decisions about whether findings can be applied to population

118
Q

null hypothesis

A

opposite of what youre testing

119
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

the claim / expected results youre testing

120
Q

alpha

A

MUST be identified before running statistics
-significance level

121
Q

p value

A

probability value
-under assumption that null hypothesis is correct

122
Q

p value > 0.5

A

do NOT reject the NULL

123
Q

p value < 0.5

A

REJECT THE NULL

124
Q

clinical use of stats

A

analyzing research collected
reading / critiquing published research
examine outcomes of nursing practice
evaluation
examination of administrative data
demonstrate problem / need

125
Q

PICO

A

patient population
intervention of interest
comparison of interest
outcome of interest
time

126
Q

PICO intervention type

A

in (population) how does (intervention) compared to (comparison) affect (outcome) with (time frame) ?

127
Q

PICO issue type

A

in (population) how do best practices (intervention) compared to current practice (comparison) affect (outcome) within (time frame)

128
Q

PICO diagnosis type

A

in (population) is (intervention) compared with (comparison) more accurate in diagnosing (outcome)

129
Q

PICO etiology type

A

are (population) who have (intervention) compared with those without (comparison) at risk for (outcome) over (time frame)

130
Q

PICO meaning type

A

how do (population) with (intervention) perceive (outcome) during (time frame)

131
Q

PICO prognosis type

A

in (population) how does (intervention) compared to (comparison) influence (outcome) over (time frame)

132
Q

data saturation

A

in qualitative research the time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistently heard

133
Q

trustworthiness criteria

A

credibility
transferability
dependability
confirmability

134
Q

credibility

A

refers to truth of findings

135
Q

transferability

A

relates to whether findings from one study transfer to a similar context

136
Q

dependability

A

related to consistency in findings overtime

137
Q

confirmability

A

related to rigorous attempts to be objective and maintenance of audit trails to document research process

138
Q

knowledge translation

A

mutually collaborative process including synthesis, dissemination, exchange, and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve pt outcomes

EBP (6 decks)

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