Midterm Exam Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
evidence based practice
A
practice based on best available evidence , patient preference , and clinical judgements
2
Q
EBP components
A
- research based information
- clinical expertise
- patient preference
3
Q
research
A
planned / systematic activity leading to new knowledge and / or discovery of solutions to problems
4
Q
research difference
A
generates knowledge
-participants
-evaluates findings in light of research question
-research question
5
Q
EBP difference
A
applies new knowledge into care
-patients
-change practice in clinical setting
-evaluate practice by measuring patient outcomes
6
Q
quality improvement projects
A
normally specific to an organization
-continuous activity designed to systematically improve way care is delivered
7
Q
adopting EBP….
A
slow process even when benefits and advantages of innovation are evident
8
Q
barriers to change
A
- organizational
- individual
- research related
9
Q
organizational barriers
A
lack resources to access evidence
resistant to change
10
Q
individual barriers
A
lack value / knowledge about EBP and research
resistant to change
lack of skills to obtain evidence
11
Q
research related factors
A
communication gap b/t clinician and researcher
writing associated with research reports
lack of telling research findings
12
Q
overcoming barriers of EBP
A
-engage admin
-have culture safety
-engage stakeholders
-implement care bundles
-promote collaboration
-overcome barriers
-ensure nurses meet EBP competencies
13
Q
change process
A
- collaboration
- action
- receptivity
- process
- translation
- improved health outcomes
14
Q
research is not….
A
an absolute knowledge there is possibility of error
15
Q
research process steps
A
- identify question
- conduct review of literature
- identify theoretical framework
- select research design
- implement study
- analyze data
- draw conclusions
- tell findings
16
Q
descriptive research
A
no intervention , description of natural setting
17
Q
explanatory research
A
explains relationships among variables
-between 2 things
18
Q
predictive research
A
predicts difference with intervention
19
Q
quantitative research
A
uses numbers , statistics , tables and graphs
20
Q
qualitative research
A
non-numerical , get meaning from words
21
Q
mixed method research
A
quantitative + qualitative
22
Q
longitudinal research
A
data collected at multiple points overtime
23
Q
cross sectional research
A
data is gathered once , cannot tell time difference , gives absolute results
24
Q
induction
A
research used to generate a theory
goes particular –> general
-qualitative
25
deduction
generates ideas from theories --> observations
goes general --> particular
-quantitative
26
research article components
title
abstract
keywords
introduction
literature review
method
result
discussion
conclusion
reference
27
abstract
100-150 words , brief overview of the studykey
28
keywords
5-10 keywords that represent the article
29
introduction
background of research problem , purpose of study --> address the significance
30
literature review
previous recent studies , what is known about the problem?
31
method
study design
sample
measurement tools
process of data collection
analysis methods
32
result
findings from data analysis
33
discussion
interpretation of results , limitations
34
conclusion
summary of findings , suggestions , implication
35
references
sited articles
36
research question
comes from ...
-personal clinical experience
-professional literature
-current nursing theories
-national initiatives
37
formulating research question
1. who, what, when, why, where, how
2. population
3. setting
4. problem
5. intervention
6. method
38
a research question must....
be specific and measurable
39
study hypotheses
formal statements about expected or predicted relationships b/t two or more variables
40
associative hypothesis
relation / association / correlation
can be directional
-negative and positive
41
causal hypothesis
affecting one thing (IV) to another (DV)
-eating excess WILL make you gain more weight
42
simple hypothesis
two variables
-lung cancer and smoking
43
complex hypothesis
three or more variables
-obesity is associated with food, exercise, environment
44
null hypothesis
there is NO relationship between variables
45
research hypothesis
relationship EXISTS between variables
46
independent variable
influences the DV
47
dependent variable
influenced by the IV
48
confounding variable
interfere with the relationship b/t IV and DV
49
population
refers to all members of a group of interest , whom you intend to generalize results of study
50
accessible population
part of the population you can access
51
sample
part of the accessible population that you will actually investigate
52
sampling frame
list of all possible elements in accessible population
53
sample must represent....
the population to maximize generalizability
54
probability sampling
simple random sample
stratified sample
systemic sample
cluster sample
55
simple random sampling
randomly selecting elements from accessible population
56
systematic sample
method in which every 5th / 6th / etc. person is chosen
-starting point on the list is randomly selected
57
stratified sample
selecting participants from accessible population that has been divided into groups
-gender , income etc.
58
cluster sample
random sampling of groups
59
non-probability sampling
snowball sampling
judgement sample
quota sample
convenience sample
60
snowball sampling
recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referral from other participants
61
judgement sampling
used in qualitative research
-picking participants for a reason
62
quota sample
nonprobability sampling involving selection of participants from accessible population
-you pick people
63
convenience sampling
nonprobability sampling in which participants are selected because they are easy to access
64
research recruitment
process of contacting / enrolling participants in a study
-screen participants
-advertisement, flyers, letter, email
-participants represent population
-maximize retention
-check why individuals choose / to not choose to participate
65
qualitative data
extensive collection , takes months to years
66
qualitative research is gathered until this occurs
DATA SATURATION
67
qualitative data occurs...
in natural settings
68
qualitative data key instrument
THE RESEARCHER
69
qualitative data methods
interviews
observation
documents
70
qualitative interviews
structured = stick to script
semi-structured = could ask follow up questions not on script
71
pseudoname
change name in qualitative data to remain anonymous
72
focused group interview
need at least 5 people
73
purposive sampling
pick individuals who have expertise in event or experience you are studying
-NO RANDOM SAMPLING
-also called convenience sampling
74
phenomenology
focuses on lived experiences and serves to achieve understanding from perspective of pts
75
grounded theory
develop a theory grounded in the field , studies a process / action / interaction
-no set sample size
76
ethnographic research
involves studying groups and making collective observations
77
which method is good for studying cultures
ethnographic research!!
-put yourself into that culture
78
historical research
based on documentation of sources that re used to examine people or events
79
research by aims
descriptive research
explanatory research
predictive research
80
research by method
quantitative research
qualitative research
mixed-method research
81
research by time
longitudinal research
cross sectional research
82
qualitative data collection
interviews
observation
documents
83
qualitative documents
journals kept by researchers
meeting minutes
chart reviews
field notes
84
qualitative data preparation
recorded and transcribed
85
qualitative data analysis
become familiar with the data!!!
-look for patterns
-code data into themes
-interpret data
86
qualitative evaluation
-prolonged engagement and persistent observation
-triangulation
-peer debriefing
-member checking
-negative case analysis
-reflexivity
87
qualitative triangluation
combines 3 things and if they align
1. patient observation
2. online survey result
3. depth reviews
88
qualitative validation
MOST important thing in qualitative research is to establish trustworthiness
89
qualitative ethical issues
-do not pressure pt. into signing up
-respect indigenous societies
-respect site
-avoid deceiving participants
-do not "use" participants
90
control
ability to manipulate / regulate / statistically adjust factors that affect the DV
91
manipulation
treatment / implementation or IV in a study to determine effects on DV
92
bias
influence that distorts results of study
-happens with no confounding variable
93
random sampling
each person in population has equal chance of being selected
94
ransom assignment
equal chance of being assigned to control or treatment group
95
randomization
used in true experimental design, eliminates threat of internal validity
96
single blind
participants do not know which study group they are in
97
double blind
blinding both experimenters (assistants) and participants
98
quantitative experimental research
true experimental research
quasi-experimental research
99
quantitative non-experimental research
observational
correlational / descriptive
100
experimental design components
manipulation
control
randomization
**examines difference between treated and untreated (control) subjects
101
experimental design strength
powerful for examining cause and effect
provides level II evidence
102
experimental design weakness
complicated and expensive to conduct
impractical for certain settings r/t ethics
103
quasi experimental design
manipulation of IV
no randomization or control
less expensive , generalizable
provide level III evidence
104
nonexperimental design
IV is not manipulated
subjects not randomized
no control
no cause and effect claims
105
longitudinal design
used to gather data about subjects at more than one point in time
106
cross sectional design
collects data about the IV and DV at the same time
-all data collected on the same day
107
data collection plan
1. set timeline
2. determine collection method
3. develop data management
108
data analysis process
1. prepare data and enter into computer program
2. clean data file
3. run descriptive stats
4. run inferential stats to test hypothesis
109
nominal measurement
different in name only CANNOT rank in order
ex :
gender
race
eye color
110
ordinal measurement
CAN be ranked / ordered but still in categories
ex:
Freshman / Sophomore / Junior / Senior
Disagree / Neutral / Agree
111
interval measurement
fixed unit of measurement WITHOUT meaningful zero
degree
112
ratio measurement
fixed unit of measurement WITH meaningful zero
dollars
age
years of education
113
categorical measurement
nominal and ordinal
114
continuous measurement
interval and ratio
115
descriptive statistics
explain characteristics of variables
mean, median, mode, SD, range, percentage
116
inferential statistics
make inferences / prediction about population based on sample
117
purpose of inferential statistics
test hypotheses
make decisions about whether findings can be applied to population
118
null hypothesis
opposite of what youre testing
119
alternative hypothesis
the claim / expected results youre testing
120
alpha
MUST be identified before running statistics
-significance level
121
p value
probability value
-under assumption that null hypothesis is correct
122
p value > 0.5
do NOT reject the NULL
123
p value < 0.5
REJECT THE NULL
124
clinical use of stats
analyzing research collected
reading / critiquing published research
examine outcomes of nursing practice
evaluation
examination of administrative data
demonstrate problem / need
125
PICO
patient population
intervention of interest
comparison of interest
outcome of interest
time
126
PICO intervention type
in (population) how does (intervention) compared to (comparison) affect (outcome) with (time frame) ?
127
PICO issue type
in (population) how do best practices (intervention) compared to current practice (comparison) affect (outcome) within (time frame)
128
PICO diagnosis type
in (population) is (intervention) compared with (comparison) more accurate in diagnosing (outcome)
129
PICO etiology type
are (population) who have (intervention) compared with those without (comparison) at risk for (outcome) over (time frame)
130
PICO meaning type
how do (population) with (intervention) perceive (outcome) during (time frame)
131
PICO prognosis type
in (population) how does (intervention) compared to (comparison) influence (outcome) over (time frame)
132
data saturation
in qualitative research the time when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistently heard
133
trustworthiness criteria
credibility
transferability
dependability
confirmability
134
credibility
refers to truth of findings
135
transferability
relates to whether findings from one study transfer to a similar context
136
dependability
related to consistency in findings overtime
137
confirmability
related to rigorous attempts to be objective and maintenance of audit trails to document research process
138
knowledge translation
mutually collaborative process including synthesis, dissemination, exchange, and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve pt outcomes
