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fall semester 2022 :) > ecology quiz 1 > Flashcards

ecology quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

1.1 define ecology

A

it is the scientific study of the relationship between organisms and their environment.

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2
Q

1.1 what is included within the environment?

A

the physical and chemical conditions and biological/living components of an organisms surroundings.

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3
Q

1.1 what is included within the relationships?

A

the interactions with the physical world as well with members of the same or other species.

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4
Q

1.1 True or False,

evolution and ecology are linked?

A

true, evolution is a mechanism that allows ecology to go into deeper understandings of organisms and their processes.

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5
Q

1.2 ____ conditions surround an organism influence physiological processes crucial to survival & growth

A

physical and chemical

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6
Q

1.2 what is the ultimate goal for living organisms?

A

pass their genes on to successive generations

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7
Q

1.2 define ecosystem

A

environment including physical conditions and array of organism coexisting within its confines

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8
Q

1.2 biotic community & abiotic environment function as a system. define biotic & abiotic

A 
biotic = living
abiotic = non-living
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9
Q

1.3 define population

A

group of individuals of the same species occupying a given area

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10
Q

1.3 define community

A

group of interacting plants & animals inhabiting an area

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11
Q

1.3 what are the levels of the ecosystem?

A

individual -> population -> community -> ecosystem -> landscape
-> biome -> biosphere

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12
Q

1.3 define biomes

A

regions dominated by similar types of ecosystems (rainforest)

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13
Q

1.3 define biosphere

A

thin layer surrounding earth that supports life

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14
Q

1.4 what does the level on individual focus on?

A

morphology, physiology, behavior influence on organisms ability to survive, grow and reproduce in its environment.

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15
Q

1.4 what does the level of population focus on?

A

examining number of individuals and how it changes; birth/death are expressed as rates

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16
Q

1.4 what does level of ecosystem focus on?

A

collective properties characterizing the flow of energy and nutrients through the physical and biological system

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17
Q

1.4 what does the level of landscape focus on?

A

factors that give rise to the spatial extent and arrangement of various ecosystems that make up the landscapre

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18
Q

1.4 what does the level of biome focus on?

A

continential-global scale distribution of different ecosystem/biomes

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19
Q

1.4 what does the level of biosphere focus on?

A

linkages between ecosystems and earth components (ex. atmosphere)

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20
Q

1.5 if something cannot be observed it _____

A

cannot be investigated by science

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21
Q

1.5 observation must be ______, since it can then be made by multiple observers

A

repeatable

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22
Q

1.5 define hypothesis and what must you be able to do with it

A

educated guess/ proposed explanation for a

phenomenon. and you must be able to test it then accept or reject it

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23
Q

1.5 what is the independent variable

A

the cause. variable that is changed

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24
Q

1.5 what is the dependent variable?

A

effect. the variable affected by the change

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25
1.5 define statistical population
set of objects to which inference can be drawn
26
1.5 define sample
part of population that is selected for observation
27
1.5 define categorical data and what is it subdivided into?
qualitative observations that fall into separate and distinct categories. nominal & ordinal
28
1.5 define nominal data
unordered categories
29
1.5 define ordinal data
order is important
30
1.5 in the special case where only 2 categories exists, categorical data are referred to as ____
binary
31
1.5 define numerical data and how it is subdivided
objects are measured based on quantitative traits. discrete & continuous
32
1.5 define discrete data
only certain values are possible
33
1.5 define continous data
any value within interval is possible
34
1.5 define frequency distribution
count of the number of observations having a given score or value
35
1.5 define histogram
a type of bar graph
36
1.5 define scatter plot
constructed by defining two axes, each representing one of the two variable being examined
37
1.5 define theory
integrated set of hypotheses that together explain a broader set of observations than any single hypothesis
38
1.5 when both number are _____, most common graph is _____
numerical, scatter plot
39
1.5 y increasing with x increasing =
positive relationship
40
1.5 y decreasing with x increasing =
negative relationship
41
2.1 wavelength of radiation emitted by an object is a function of its ____
temperature
42
2.1 the sun emits ____ while the earth emits ____
shortwave, longwave
43
2.1 quantity of shortwave radiation reflected by a surface is a function of its reflectivity called ____
its albedo
44
2.1 the hotter the surface =
more radiant energy emitting
45
2.1 longwave radiation is absorbed by water vapor and CO in the atmosphere, the absorbed radiation is emitted _____ toward the surface as __________, which keeps the surface temp ____
downward, longwave atmospheric radiation, warmer
46
2.1 define greenhouse effect
selective energy absorptiony CO in the atmosphere, which allows shortwave wavelength energy to pass through BUT absorbs longer wavelengths and reflects heat back to earth
47
2.1 define greenhouse gas
gas that absorbs longwave radiation and contributes to the greenhouse effect when present in the atmosphere (ex. water vapor & CO)
48
2.1 define net radiation
difference between incoming and outgoing electromagnetic radiation for an object
49
2.1 if the incoming shortwave radiation exceeds the amount of outgoing long wave radiation...
surface temperature increases
50
2.1 if long wave radiation exceeds the incoming shortwave radiation...
surface temperature decreases
51
2.1 at higher altitudes, solar radiation hit the surface at a steeper angle, spreading sunlight over a large area. which means what?
that it must travel through a deeper layer of air which then means it encounters more particles in the atmosphere which reflects more of a shortwave radiation back into space
52
2.2 summer solstice june 22
solar radiation falls directly on tropic of cancer, with an increased input and day length in the northern hemisphere
53
2.2 vernal and autumnal equinoxes
solar radiation falls directly onto the equator
54
2.2 winter solstice december 22
solar radiation falls directly on tropic of Capricorn, with increased input and day length in southern hemisphere
55
2.3 average net radiation of the planet = | amount of incoming _______ absorbed by the surface is offset by the quantity of outgoing ______ back into space
0 | shortwave radiation, longwave
56
2.3 what is the primary mechanism of this planetary transfer of heat from the tropic to the poles?
convection. which is the transfer of heat through circulation of fluids (air & water)
57
2.3 define intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
resulting convergence of winds from the north and south in the region of the equator
58
2.3 air moves from...
high to low pressure
59
2.3 define Coriolis Effect
pattern of airflow. earth rotation results in a moving object veering to the right in the north hemisphere and in the south it veers to the left
60
2.3 define equatorial low
low-pressure zone near the surface of the equatorial zone
61
2.3 define subtropical high
semipermanent high-air-pressure belt at the surface encircling the earth
62
2.3 define westerlies
dominant east-west motion of the winds centered over the middle altitudes of both hemispheres
63
2.3 define trade winds
southward-flowing stream that becomes strong
64
2.3 define subpolar low (polar front)
zone of low air pressure near the surface of the eath
65
2.3 define polar easterlies
easterly wind located at high altitudes poleward of the subpolar below
66
2.3 what are the belts of prevailing winds
they break the flow of surface air toward the equator and flow aloft to the poles in a series of 6 cells - 3 in each hemisphere
67
2.3 what is the first cell called and how is it closed
hadley cells - in the north hemisphere, the Coriolis effect forces air in the easterly direction, slowing its progress north, the cool air now sinks at about 30N
68
2.3 what is the name of the 2nd cell and how does it close?
ferrel cell - 2 air masses of contrasting temperatures do not mix and are separated, some of the air moves southward until 30 latitude, where it then sinks back to the surface and closes the cell
69
2.3 what is the last cell called and how does it close?
northward-moving air reaches the pole, it slowly sinks to the surface and flows back southward toward the polar front
70
2.3 pattern of global atmospheric circulation function to what?
transport heat from the tropic towards the pole ( net radiation surplus to net radiation deficit), moderating temperatures at higher latitudes.
71
2.4 what are currents
systematic patterns of water movement
72
2.4 until encountering a continent, major ocean current mimic ...
movement of surface winds
73
2.4 each ocean is dominated by what?
gyres - 2 circular motions of water
74
2.4 ocean current moves ____ in northern hemisphere and ___ in southern hemisphere
clockwise, counterclockwise
75
2.4 gyres function to what?
redistribute heat from the tropic northward and southward toward the poles
76
2.5 define latent heat
amount of energy released or absorbed during a change of state (ex. liquid to solid)
77
2.5 liquid to gas means energy is ____
absorbed, going from a more ordered state to less ordered
78
2.5 less ordered state to more ordered state =
energy is released
79
2.5 define evaporation
transformation of water from a liquid to gaseous state
80
2.5 define condensation
transformation of water vapor to liquid state
81
2.5 evaporation rate = condensation rate means...
air is saturated
82
2.5 define vapor pressure
amount of pressure water vapor exerts independent of dry air
83
2.5 saturation vapor pressure =
water vapor content of air at saturation (cannot be exceeded)
84
2.5 what happens if vapor pressure exceeds the capacity?
condensation occurs and reduces the vapor pressure
85
2.5 define saturation
state that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.
86
2.5 saturation vapor pressure varies with _____
temperature | increasing as air temperature increase
87
2.5 equation for relative humidity
(current vapor pressure / saturation vapor pressure ) x100
88
2.5 amount of water in a given volume of air is its....
absolute humidity
89
2.5 define relative humidity
water vapor content of air at a given temperature - expressed as a percentage of the water vapor needed for saturation at that temperature
90
2.5 define dew point temperature
temperature at which saturation vapor pressure is achieved
91
2.6 precipitation is _____ distributed across the earth
not evenly
92
2.6 the narrow region where trade winds meet is the....
intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)
93
2.6 two air masses meet → air piles up → warm humid air _____
rises and cools
94
2.6 dew point is reached → clouds form → _____
precipitation falls as rain
95
2.6 ITCZ is not _____.... tends to migrate to regions with ____ surface temperatures
stationary, warmer

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