ecology quiz 3 :o

Question 1

10.2 Genetic variation among individuals in a population arises from shuffling in ____ & ____ in sexual reproduction

Answer 1

genes & chromosomes

Question 2

10.2 In sexual reproduction, between the 2 diploid individuals, they produce haploid ____ which is _____, and they combine to form a _____ called a ____ and it has a full _____.

Answer 2

gametes, sperm and egg, diploid, zygote

Question 3

10.2 What is the major source of genetic variability?

Answer 3

Recombination

Question 4

10.2 Which reproduction does not involve the fusion of gametes?

Answer 4

Asexual reproduction

Question 5

10.2 Define Parthenogenesis

Answer 5

development of individual from egg that did not undergo fertilization

Question 6

10.2 Asexual reproduction can result in what? And at what cost?

Answer 6

High population growth & the cost in loss of genetic recombination

Question 7

10.2 Low genetic variability among individuals in a population means…

Answer 7

the population responds uniformly to changes in the environment

Question 8

10.2 Mixing of ____ and ____ that occurs in sexual reproduction produces genetic variability

Answer 8

genes & chromosomes

Question 9

10.2 (T/F) Sexual reproduction produces a broaded range of responses to environment

Answer 9

True

Question 10

10.2 (T/F) Sexual reproduction decreases probability of individuals surviving environment changes

Answer 10

false - increase

Question 11

10.2 Which reproduction is more energetically costly and why?

Answer 11

Sexual reproduction because production of gametes, courtship activities, and mating are energetically expensive

Question 12

10.2 (T/F) Eggs are larger and energetically more expensive than sperm

Answer 12

True

Question 13

10.3 Two individuals produce a haploid gamete that combine to form a _____

Answer 13

Diploid cell

Question 14

10.3 Define dioecous

Answer 14

Having male and female reductive organs on separate plants

Question 15

10.3 Organisms who possess both female and male parts are?

Answer 15

Hermaphrodites

Question 16

10.3 In plants, they are hermaphroditic by? And termed?

Answer 16

Possessing bisexual flowers with both male (stamens) and female organs (ovaries)
Perfect

Question 17

10.3 Define monoecious

Answer 17

Having male and female reproductive organs separated on the same plant (termed imperfect)

Question 18

10.3 Single self-fertile ______ plant can colonize a new habitat, reproduce, and establish ____.

Answer 18

hermaphroditic
new population

Question 19

10.3 Define simultaneous Hermaphrodite

Answer 19

Individual organisms that possess both male and female sex organs at the same time in its life cycle

Question 20

10.3 Population of hermaphroditic individuals is able to produce twice as many offspring as _____.

Answer 20

population of unisexual indivudals

Question 21

10.3 Define sequential hermaphrodites

Answer 21

Organisms that changes sex from female to male (vice versa) at some point in its life cycle
- Usually takes place as they mature/grow

Question 22

10.3 (T/F) Plants can also undergo sex change

Answer 22

True

Question 23

10.4 What activities can reduce the probability of future survival?

Answer 23

Aquisition of mate, defense of breeding territory, feeding and protection of young

Question 24

10.4 (T/F) Reproduction directly reduces individuals ability to produce future offspring

Answer 24

True

Question 25

10.4 Allocation to reproduction shown to..?

Answer 25

Reduce allocation to growth in plants/animals

Question 26

10.4 Individuals reproducing ____ in age will produce ___ offspring per productive period than one who postpones reproduction in favor of additional growth.

Answer 26

earlier fewer

Question 27

11.2 As population density increases....

Answer 27

availability of resources declines

Question 28

11.2 Define density dependence

Answer 28

regulation of population growth by a mechanism controlled by population size; effects increase as population size increases (its effects influence pop. in proportion to its size)

Question 29

11.2 Density dependence functions to SLOW rate of population growth with increasing population density by....

Answer 29

Increasing rate of mortality, decrease rate of fecundity, or both

Question 30

11.2 Define density-dependent mortality

Answer 30

Increase in mortality(death) rate with increasing population size

Question 31

11.2 Define density-dependent fecundity

Answer 31

Decline in fecundity(birth) rate with increasing population size

Question 32

11.2 (T/F) Population density can influence patterns of predation/spread of disease and parasites

Answer 32

True

Question 33

11.2 Define density independence

Answer 33

being unaffected by population density; regulation of growth is not tied to population density

Question 34

11.3 Competition occurs when...

Answer 34

individuals use a common resource that is in short supply to the number seeking it

Question 35

11.3 Define intraspecific competition

Answer 35

competition among individuals of the same species

Question 36

11.3 (T/F) As long as availability of resources does impede the ability of individuals to grow, survive, and reproduce... no competition occurs

Answer 36

False - does NOT

Question 37

11.3 Define scramble competition

Answer 37

Limited resources are shared to the point that no individual survives

Question 38

11.3 Scramble competition occurs when?

Answer 38

When growth and reproduction are depressed equally across individuals in a population as intensity of competition increase

Question 39

11.3 What can scramble competition lead to?

Answer 39

All individuals receiving insufficient resources for survival and reproduction - resulting in local extinction

Question 40

11.3 Define contest competition

Answer 40

limited resources shared only by dominant individuals

Question 41

11.3 Contest competition takes place when?

Answer 41

When some individuals claim enough resources while denying others a share - only a fraction of population suffers aka unsuccessful individuals

Question 42

11.3 (T/F) Competing individuals may not directly interact with one another

Answer 42

True

Question 43

11.3 Define exploitation

Answer 43

Indirect interaction as they compete for resources ex) use of resources by one individual = decreases amount available for others

Question 44

11.3 (T/F) Competing individuals may directly interact

Answer 44

True

Question 45

11.3 Define interference

Answer 45

Direct interactions of organism fighting for resources ex) preventing others from occupying a habitat/ accessing resource within in

Question 46

11.4 Intraspecific Competition is usually...

Answer 46

Density dependent, it increases gradually and first affects growth/development - later it affects survival/reproduction

Question 47

11.4 What happens as population density increases to a point where resources are insufficient to provide for all?

Answer 47

Some or all individuals reduce their intake of resources & reduction slows rate of growth and development

Question 48

11.4 Define density-dependent growth

Answer 48

Inverse relationship between population density and individual growth

Question 49

11.5 Competition for resources at high population densities can...

Answer 49

Function to reduce survival

Question 50

11.5 Mortality function to increase per capita resource availability, allowing for?

Answer 50

Increased growth of surviving individuals

Question 51

11.5 Link between density-dependent mortality, resource availability, and growth rate is apparent in organisms that exhibit...

Answer 51

Indeterminate growth rates that respond strongly to resource availability, such as plants!