ecology quiz 4 <3

Question 1

14.4 What does the Lotka-Volterra model assume?

Answer 1

The model of predator-prey interactions assumes mutual regulation of predator and prey populations

Question 2

14.4 Link between the growth of predator and prey population is described by?

Answer 2

Consumption of prey

Question 3

14.4 For predator population, what does cNprey represent?

Answer 3

regulation of population growth through reproduction

Question 4

14.4 For prey population what does cNprey represent?

Answer 4

regulations of population growth through mortality

Question 5

14.4 What 2 responses is the result of the regulation of predator population growth?

Answer 5

functional & numerical

Question 6

14.4 Predator population growth depends on per capita rate….

Answer 6

at which prey are captured

Question 7

14.4 Define predator’s functional response

Answer 7

change in rate of exploitation(consumption) of prey species by predators in relation to changing prey density

Question 8

14.4 Increased consumption of prey results in…

Answer 8

increase in predator production

Question 9

14.4 Define predator’s numerical response

Answer 9

change in size of population of predators in response to changes in density of its prey

Question 10

14.5 What is the key factor influencing predators ability to regulate prey population?

Answer 10

the predators rate of consumption response to changes in prey population

Question 11

14.5 Define Type 1 functional response

Answer 11

number of prey captures per unit time by predator - increases linearly with increasing number of prey

Question 12

14.5 Type 1 is limited in…

Answer 12

description of predator to prey abundancee

Question 13

14.5 Reasons for type 1 being limited?

Answer 13

a. assumes predators never become satiated
b. predators limited by handling time

Question 14

14.5 Define Type 2 functional response

Answer 14

per capita rate of predation increases in decelerating fashion - reaching max rate at some high prey pop size

Question 15

14.5 Value of Ne approaches asymptote is related to?

Answer 15

predators time budget

Question 16

14.5 The two components for total amount of time predator spends feeding(T) is?

Answer 16

1. time spent searching for prey (Ts)
2. time spent handle prey once encountered (Th)

Question 17

14.5 Total time spent feeding is?

Answer 17

T= Ts + Th

Question 18

14.5 As prey abundance increase, number of prey captured during T…

Answer 18

increases (easier to find prey)

Question 19

14.5 At high prey density, search time approaches ___ and predator is effectively spending all its time ____

Answer 19

0, handling prey

Question 20

14.5 Define Type 3 functional response

Answer 20

rate of prey consumed is slow at first then increase in sigmoid fashion as rate of predation reaches maximum

Question 21

14.5 S shape curve for Type 3 can be due to…

Answer 21

predators search image

Question 22

14.5 Define search image

Answer 22

mental image of predators, enabling them to find prey more quickly and concentrate on common type of prey - way to recognize species as potential food item

Question 23

14.5 What is another face that results in Type 3?

Answer 23

relative abundance of different/alternative species

Question 24

14.5 Define switching

Answer 24

act of turning to abundant/alternative species - changing diet from less to more abundant prey species

Question 25

14.7 Time spent foraging must be ____ against other time constraints such as....

Answer 25

balance; defense, searching for mates, caring for young

Question 26

14.7 Define optimal foraging theory

Answer 26

tendency of animals to harvest food efficiently - selecting food sizes that supply maximum food intake for energy expended.

Question 27

14.7 Hypothesis is that natural selections favors ___

Answer 27

efficient foragers

Question 28

14.7 What do efficient foragers involve?

Answer 28

what food to eat, where and how long to search, how to search

Question 29

14.7 How are cost and benefits measured

Answer 29

a. benefits measured in terms of energy/nutrient gain (fitness) b. cost measured in terms of time and energy expended in act of foraging

Question 30

15.1 Parasitism is a type of...

Answer 30

symbiotic relationship between organism of different species

Question 31

15.1 parasite ____ from host

Answer 31

benefits

Question 32

15.1 Parasites are ____ than their host and reproduce ___ ___ in greater numbers

Answer 32

smaller, more quickly

Question 33

15.1 Define infection

Answer 33

diseases condition arising when pathogenic microorganisms enter a body, become established, and multiply (heavy load of parasites)

Question 34

15,1 Define disease

Answer 34

outcome of infection

Question 35

15.1 Parasites are distinguish by size:

Answer 35

microparasites and macroparasites

Question 36

15.1 Define microparasites

Answer 36

any viruses, bacteria, protozoan, characterize by small size, short generation time, and rapid multiplication - often direct transmission but carries are used sometimes

Question 37

15.1 Define macroparasites

Answer 37

any parasitic worms, lice, fungi, those with long generation times, spread direct or indirect, may involved intermediate hosts or vectors

Question 38

15.1 Macroparasites ___ complete entire life cycle in single-host organisms

Answer 38

do not

Question 39

15.1 Direct vs Indirect

Answer 39

direct: host to host vs indirect: host & carries

Question 40

15.1 Parasitic plants can be _____ or ____ and its based on...

Answer 40

holoparasites or hemiparasites and based on whether they do photosynthesis

Question 41

15.1 Define hemiparasites

Answer 41

a parasitic plant that contains chlorophyll and capable of photosynthesis - connects host to xylem

Question 42

15.1 Define holoparasites

Answer 42

parasitic plant that contains no chlorophyll and is not capable of photosynthesis - it cannot exist without host plant; they rely on xylem and phloem for nutrients

Question 43

15.2 Define ectoparasites

Answer 43

parasite that lives in fur, feathers, or skin of host

Question 44

15.2 Define endoparasites

Answer 44

parasites that live within body of host - bloodstream, etc...

Question 45

15.2 Parasites of plants also ___ habitat

Answer 45

divide

Question 46

15.2 Major problem for parasites?

Answer 46

gaining access to and escaping the host

Question 47

15.3 Direct transmission can occur when?

Answer 47

when parasite is transferred from one host to another without involvement of intermediate organisms

Question 48

15.4 Some parasites are transmitted between __ by ____ or ____

Answer 48

host, intermediate organism, vector

Question 49

15.4 Examples of indirect transmission?

Answer 49

malaria parasites - transmitted to bloodstream by bite of infected female mosquito mistletoes transmission is linked through seed dispersal - bird feces as they eat the fruit