Education: Gender differences

Question 1

External factors: Impact of feminism- McRobbie

Answer 1

Girl magazines have images of strong independent women increasing ambition and success

Question 2

External factors: Changing girls ambition- Sharpe

Answer 2

1974-educational success seen as unfeminine 1990-increased ambition as career was prioritised

Question 3

External factors: Changing girls ambition- Beck Gensheim

Answer 3

Independence is valued as having a career promises self sufficiency

Question 4

Internal factors: Equal opportunity policy- Boaler

Answer 4

Removed barriers making school more meritocratic encouraging girls to work harder

Question 5

Internal factors: GCSE + coursework- Gordard

Answer 5

Gender gap increased when GCSE were introduced

Question 6

Internal factors: GCSE + coursework- Mitsos + Browne

Answer 6

Girls do better in coursework due to organisational skill

Question 7

Internal factors: Teacher attention- French

Answer 7

Boys receive more attention from teachers reprimanding them

Question 8

Internal factors: Teacher attention- Swann

Answer 8

Teachers respond positively to girls who listen + cooperate in group work

Question 9

Internal factors: Changing curriculum- Weiner

Answer 9

Removing sexist images from textbooks increases girls achievement

Question 10

Internal factors: Selection + league table- Slee

Answer 10

Increased opportunity for self fulfilling prophecy for boys as they are less attractive to schools/ seen as liability pupils

Question 11

Girls achievement: Symbolic capital- Archer

Answer 11

Conflict between W/C identity and school values- gaining cultural capital prevents education capital

Question 12

Girls achievement: Successful W/C girls- Evans

Answer 12

Girls go to uni to increase earning power and support family

Question 13

Girls achievement: Successful W/C girls- Archer

Answer 13

Desire to live at home limits success with less opportunities

Question 14

Boys + achievement: Globalisation- Mitsos + Browne

Answer 14

Identity crisis of boys due to decrease in heavy industry therefore feel there is little prospect for getting a job

Question 15

Boys + achievement: Feminisation of education- Sewell

Answer 15

School celebrates girls qualities and advocates for greater emphasis on outdoor activities

Question 16

Boys + achievement: Are male primary teachers needed- Francis

Answer 16

2/3 8 year olds believe gender doesn’t matter

Question 17

Boys + achievement: Are male primary teachers needed- Read

Answer 17

2 discourses:
1)Disciplinary discourse-explicit authority
2)Liberal discourse-implicit authority
female teacher= just as likely to use disciplinary discourse

Question 18

Boys + achievement: Are male primary teachers needed- Jones

Answer 18

Men=1/4 chance of headship Women=1/13 chance of headship

Question 19

Boys + achievement: Laddish subculture- Francis

Answer 19

Labels are a threat to masculinity therefore reject school for being too feminine

Question 20

Boys + achievement: Moral panic on boys- Ringrose

Answer 20

Fear of W/C boys growing up to be dangerous caused huge shift in policy 2 effects:
1)Ignores W/C disadvantage
2)Ignores girls problems

Question 21

Boys + achievement: Moral panic on boys- Osler

Answer 21

Focusing on boys who disengage publicly(high internal exclusions) neglects girls who disengage quietly

Question 22

Boys + achievement: Gender, class, ethnicity- Connolly

Answer 22

Certain combinations have more effect than others

Question 23

Boys + achievement: Gender, class, ethnicity- McVeigh

Answer 23

Class gap is 3X larger than the gender gap

Question 24

Gender + subject choice: Vocational choice + class- Fuller

Answer 24

W/C girls choose childcare-1/100 apprentices=Boys-reflects W/C habitus

Question 25

Gender + subject choice: Gender role socialisation- Norman

Answer 25

Boys + girls are encouraged to take part in different activities when growing up

Question 26

Gender + subject choice: Gender role socialisation- Byrne

Answer 26

Boys encouraged to be tough Girls encouraged to be quiet

Question 27

Gender + subject choice: Gender domains- Murphy

Answer 27

Boys and girls pay attention to different details- girls focus on feelings boys focus on how things work

Question 28

Gender + subject choice: Gender domains- Browne + Ross

Answer 28

Children's beliefs about gender are shaped by early experiences presented by parents

Question 29

Gender + subject choice: Gendered subject image- Kelly

Answer 29

Science is seen as a boys subject due to male teachers + boys dominating the lab

Question 30

Gender + subject choice: Peer pressure- Paetcher + Dewar

Answer 30

Sporty girls contradict stereotypes so boys call sporty girls lesbian= discouraging

Question 31

Sexual + gender identity: Double standard- Lees

Answer 31

Boys boast about sexuality but call girls slags. sex= status for man but attracts negative label for women-devalues in turn reinforcing gender inequality through subordination

Question 32

Sexual + gender identity: Verbal abuse- Paetcher

Answer 32

Name calling maintains male power and allows pupils to police each other

Question 33

Sexual + gender identity: Verbal abuse- Parker

Answer 33

Labels don't resemble reality but the function is to reinforce gender norms

Question 34

Sexual + gender identity: Male group- Mac + Ghail

Answer 34

Different masculine identities based on class- W/C lower school=macho lad M/C upper school=gentleman

Question 35

Sexual + gender identity: Female peer group- Currie

Answer 35

Balance between being too competitive(slut) and not competing(frigid)

Question 36

Sexual + gender identity: Female peer group- Raey

Answer 36

Lacking romantic interest so labelled a boffin

Question 37

Sexual + gender identity: Female peer group- Francis

Answer 37

Respond by calling W/C girls chavs

Question 38

Sexual + gender identity: Male gaze- Mac + Ghail

Answer 38

Male teachers judge girls appearance as surveillance in turn femininity is devalued

Question 39

Sexual + gender identity: Teacher discipline- Mac + Ghail

Answer 39

Male teachers tell boys off for behaving like girls

Question 40

Sexual + gender identity: Teacher discipline- Askew + Ross

Answer 40

Male teachers behaviour reinforces gender messages

Question 41

External factors: Changing girls ambition Evaluation- Biggart

Answer 41

W/C girls see motherhood as only viable option for future so desire low level jobs

Question 42

Internal factors: GCSE + coursework Evaluation- Elwood

Answer 42

Coursework unlikely to be cause of gender gap as external exams have more influence on final grade

Question 43

Internal factors: Changing curriculum Evaluation- Liberal feminists

Answer 43

Further progress will overcome sexist attitudes/stereotypes

Question 44

Internal factors: Selection + league table Evaluation- New right

Answer 44

Competitive environment should drive up results of everyone

Question 45

Girls achievement: Evaluation- Radical feminists

Answer 45

1)still limits to subject choice 2)women=underrepresented in curriculum 3)sexual harassment prevails in school

Question 46

Boys + achievement: Laddish subculture Evaluation- Willis

Answer 46

Found similar truths surrounding masculinity and educational success

Question 47

Gender + subject choice: Gender domains Evaluation- Postmodernists

Answer 47

Stereotypes are breaking down as we see more gender diversity in subject choice

Question 48

Gender + subject choice: Peer pressure Evaluation- Leonard

Answer 48

Girls in all girls school are more likely to take maths and science-2.4x more likely to take A level physics. all boys school more likely to take English

Question 49

Girls achievement: Successful W/C girls Evaluation- Jackson

Answer 49

W/C girls increasingly loud/laddish

Question 50

Sexual + gender identity: Teacher discipline Evaluation- Jackson

Answer 50

Need to focus on the impact on bullying and peer pressure