edward vi Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
what does the mid-tudor crisis suggest
A
there was a crisis in government, england was suffering problems that wouldn’t be solved until elizabeth (weak rulers, economic, rebellions, local, f.p)
2
Q
what is the alt. to mid-tudor crisis
A
revisionist counter-interpretation
3
Q
what is the revisionist counter revolution
A
challenges mid tudor-crisis, structure of gov. survived, strength of central authority
4
Q
how old was he when he became king
A
9
5
Q
who is he the son of
A
jane seymour
6
Q
when does he die
A
15
7
Q
who was he eduacted by
A
humanists and protestants
8
Q
how large was the regency council that would rule for him
A
16 men - supported by 12 more
9
Q
beliefs of regency council
A
mix of traditionalists and reforming protestants
10
Q
who were the two most crucial members of regency council
A
edward seymour (somerset) and john dudley (northumberland)
11
Q
what titles did he assume
A
defender of the faith and supreme head of the church
12
Q
when was somerset made lord protector
A
31 jan 1547
13
Q
when did seymour rise to power
A
following the birth of edward, being his uncle and brother to jane seymour
14
Q
what nickname was somerset given
A
the good duke
15
Q
what problems faced somerset
A
war with scotland, religious reform along prot lines encouraged officially, gov economic and financial reform
16
Q
who did somerset promote
A
his own supporters eg thomas cranmer, william paget and john dudley
17
Q
when was somerset powerful
A
1547-9
18
Q
what religion did somerset align with
A
protestantism
19
Q
what was somerset approach to religious reform
A
sensitive, moderate and cautious
20
Q
who supported somersets ideas on religious reform
A
cranmer, archbishop of canterbury
21
Q
what made it difficult to be cautious toward religious reform in somerset rule
A
- EXILE: as soon as news h8 died, exiled prots began to return from netherlands and germany - settled in towns and villages along east coast and demands conflict w local community
- POWERFUL FIGS: reform faction in control of gov so keen for reform BUT english bishops split on this
- PRESS CENSORSHIP: relaxation of press censorship increase anti-catholicism, free circulation of luther and calvin writings
22
Q
what was somersets first step of religious policy
A
full scale enquiry into state of CoE - commissioners sent out to investigate what was happening in every parish
23
Q
who is more radical - luther or calvin
A
calvin
24
Q
what is presbyterianism
A
what calvinism became known as in scotland
25
what act under h8 moved backed toward protestantism
act of six articles 1539
26
what did edward do w act of six articles
1547 repealed it
27
what act was passed that logically followed from dissolution of the monasteries and why in principle and real reason why
chantries act - main function of chantry was to pray for souls of dead (catholic), but also raise money for scottish war
28
when was the act of uniformity
1549
29
what did the act of uniformity do
religious situation still muddled, set out rules and beliefs of CoE
30
ex of what was enforced by act of uniformity
english to be used as language of worship, congregation bread and wine (wine normally reserved for priesthood under catholicism) HOWEVER not fully prot service as priests conducted and behaved as always
31
religious acts under somerset
- enquiry into church of england
- 1547 repeal of six articles
- 1547 chantries act
- 1547 book of homilies
- 1549 act of uniformity
- 1549 prayer book
32
who introduced the 1549 prayer book
cranmer
33
which way leaning was cranmers prayer book
vague!
34
how was cranmers prayer book vague
didn't deny central catholic idea of transubstantiation (cath) BUT gave the impression that priest simply commemorating event (prot)
35
what were somersets aims f.p wise
- edward and mary marriage
- war with scotland
- avoid war with france
- prevent scottish-french alliance
36
what was somerset bound by in foreign policy
henrys will - marriage between edward and mary as outlined in treaty of greenwich
37
scotland on edward mary marriage
did not want!
38
who replaced francis i
henry ii
39
henry ii attitude to scotland and why was this bad for somerset
new king, keen to assert himself. he got directly involved in scotland
40
how many troops did henry ii send to france initially
4000
41
how did somerset respond to henry ii initial attack
naval and land invasion of scotland - 16000 infantry, 30 warships
42
what battle occured in scotland under somerset
battle of pinkie
43
where was battle of pinkie
near edinburgh
44
what did the battle of pinkie give somerset
control of all the border region
45
what did somerset leave behind in scotland to maintain control
garrisons
46
what were the issues of invading in henry viii f.p toward scot
expensive, ineffective as scottish aggressors moved back to highlands and it did not maintain consistent pressure on scots
47
how many garrisons were established and how many were planned
25 established, 14 planned
48
what made the issues of garrisons worse
10,000 french troops in 1548 made system unworkable
49
what happened after second french troops in scotland
treaty between france and scotland - marriage of francis ii and MQoS
AND scots placed themselves under control of french king and mary taken to france
50
what could the garrison do that invasions could not
respond quickly to threats
51
what aspect of scottish fighting did garrisons combat
hit and run guriella warfare
52
price of h8 invasions and garrisons
h8 invasions - £235000
garrisons - £ 350000
so didnt fix h8 expensive failure
53
garrison problem w supplies
english hard time in provisioning the garrisons, when supplies ran out the soldiers took them from the locals, worsening relations!
54
garrisons and community
- stole supplies from local areas so bad relations
- but helped to protect assured scots who were favourable to english intervention
- english did not take taxes/rents from locals living near garrisons in order not to antagonise
55
why was somerset called the good duke
desire to help those suffering from enclosure
56
what two rebellions did somerset face and when
1549 - western and ketts
57
what was established to help the poor - somerset
a commission into enclosure and government inspectors toured the country
58
where had struggled the most in loss of land when landowners convert fields from open strip to fenced off pasture
midlands and south
59
why did somerset reforms anger rich and poor
rich - legislation against enclosure of land would limit their profits
poor - they believed the government was finally on their side however succeeding govs. had to revert since they needed support of local nobles for law and order
60
what was the biggest economic problem
inflation
61
what did inflation effect
mostly food - bread, cheese, meat
62
what were the two main causes of inflation
population growth (supply-and-demand) and wage cuts
63
what decade did inflation and population growth reach a peak
1540s
64
causes of the western rebellion
- religious (the biggest)
- social
- economic
65
causes of kett rebellion
- religious
- social
- economic (main!
66
when was somerset executed
1552
67
what evidence of there was discontent before 1549
gov. sent agents out to check state of church:
- helston, cornwall, william body killed by mob who resented his attempts to remove catholicism from church
- somerset, fences and hedges torn down that enclosed land
68
what was the trigger for the western rebellion
the new prayer book in 1549 having to be used in churches
69
what were the other reasons for the western rebellion (less important)
hostility to enclosure - enclosure commission of 1548 dashed peoples high hopes
AND increasing rent, rising prices and falling wages
70
where did western rebellion begin and where did it spread to
cornwall -> devon
71
who was sent to find peaceful settlement western, was he successful
lord russell - no
72
where did western rebels march to
exeter
73
how did somerset react to western
underestimated seriousness and reacted slowly
74
why was it difficult for somerset send troops to western
needed troops in scotland and coast against france
75
what was used to put down the western rebellion
marshall law
76
where was ketts rebellion
norfolk
77
what was similar about cause of western and ketts rebellion
widespread economic and social problems!
78
what do some of their demands suggest about the nature of ketts rebellion
dismissal of inadequate clergy suggest protesters were protestant and supported church reform
79
what was the main motive of ketts rebellion
enclosure
80
what emerged in may and june 1549 to break enclosures (ketts)
gangs
81
why is it called ketts rebellion
robert kett was one of the landowners whose property was attacked BUT he agreed to end enclosure on his estates and lead rebels to secure their rights
82
where did ketts rebels camp
norwich, mousehold heath
83
what goals did kett rebels have
- improve local government
- end enclosure
- improve quality of clergymen
84
how many men did kett claim he could call on if the army attacked
15000
85
how did kett rebellion end
northumberland ended with bloody confrontation = 4000 deaths on both sides
86
who was northumberlands father
edmund dudley - ran council learned in law until found guilty of treason in 1509 and executed in 1510
87
what lessened influence of dudley family
attainder
88
when was the attainder on dudley family lifted
1512
89
role of dudley under henry viii
soldier, sailor and politician
90
relationship between somerset and northumberland in somersets protectorate
close working relationship
- somerset dealt w/ political issues and northumberland dealt with military ones
91
what scottish battle did northumberland coordinate in somersets protectorate
battle of pinkie
92
what was different about somerset and northumberland role in gov.
somerset amassed many enemies at court whereas dudley was seen as a successful military figure
93
why was n. called the bad duke
he had little time for the poor and did all he could to ensure they were 'kept in their place'
94
how was n religious reform dif to s
pace of change was quicker
95
what was n title
lord president of the council
96
when did n convene parliament
january 1552
97
what religious acts were passed under n
- treason act 1552
- second act of uniformity 1552
- 1552 prayer book
- 1553 instructions sent to bishops
- general attack on church wealth
- 42 articles 1553
98
what did the 1552 treason act do
it became an offence to question the royal supremacy or any of the beliefs of the church of england
99
what did the second act of uniformity do
became an offence for clergy and laity not to attend church of england services
100
what did the 1552 prayer book do
removed all traces of catholicism and the mass - the significance of the eucharist was removed
101
what did the 1553 instructions sent out to bishops state
told them to ensure their altars were replaced by communion tables and that clergy should not wear vestments when taking service
102
what was n willing to sacrifice in order to gain f.p wise
sacrifice scotland for gains in europe by allying with france against bigger threat of charles v who controlled spain and the hre
103
economic result in europe as a result of english-french relations under n
trading negatively impacted w netherlands which had been protected by intercursus magnus since 1496
103
what did charles v issue in 1550
edict that allowed catholic inquisition to arrest heretics in netherlands
104
consequence of charles trade edict
outraged englished merchants
- it was later modified so that it excluded foreigners
BUT it contributed to collapse of antwerp cloth market as cloth workers fled to england to avoid persecution
105
what did n undo of s's in scotland
the garrisons! leaving the french in control
106
why was there still tension in scotland even after n removed garrisons
scottish nobles and prot lowlanders increasingly hostile toward french, fearing scot province of france
107
what title did n give himself in 1550 to do with scotland
general warden of the north
108
when were negotiations between england and scotland
1551-2
109
what were english french negotiations about and what was agreed
position of border - agreed moved back to line held before h8 scottish campaigns
110
when was the treaty of boulogne
1550
111
terms of the treaty of boulogne
- england gave up control of boulogne in return for 400,000 crowns
- marriage arranged between edward vi and elizabeth, henry ii daughter (dowry 200000 crowns, never took place)
- england troops out scotland
- english claim to french throne was not abandoned
- no more french pension
112
what did the treaty of boulogne abandon
henrys most glorious foreign adventure, helpless to french and so had to submit to all demands
113
how did the government generate money following s expensive wars
borrowing from european bankers
114
who was put in charge of financial planning under n
william cecil, secretary of state and thomas gresham, treasury
115
how did n deal with debasement of coinage
called coinage in and re-issued it with the same silver content as there was in 1527
116
how did n increases finances
- borrow from european bankers
- solve debasement of coinage
- selling of chantry lands
- selling of crown lands
- raising customs and excise rates
117
what did poor harvests in early 1550s lead to
high grain prices
118
why was there social unrest following 1549
there had been rebellions in this year
119
what did problems with antwerp lead to economically in england
increased unemployment among textile workers in east anglia and west of england
120
n approach to sheep tax
1548 sheep tax repealed in 1550
121
n approach to trade
encouraged expansion of trade routes
122
how far were english ships trading in 1553
the gold coast in west africa
123
when was a trading company set up and who led it
1552 - sebastian cabot
124
why didn't n want mary to inherit the succession as stated in the 1544 succession act
because it would undo much of the work done since 1550 and demote the people who had been raised to power
125
who did n try to make successor
lady jane grey
126
did edward agree with n succession plan
yes! he wanted to protect protestantism
127
how long did LJG rule for
9 days
128
