henry vii Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
who was henrys claim through
A
his mother, lancastrian, distant and illegitimate branch
2
Q
what day was the battle of bosworth
A
22nd august 1485
3
Q
when did henry set sail from france for battle of bosworth
A
1st august 1485
4
Q
where did henry land initially for battle of bosworth
A
pembroke, wales
5
Q
who supported henry in wales for BoB
A
rhys ap thomas
6
Q
who was rhys ap thomas
A
one of most powerful land owners in wales
7
Q
how many in henry BoB army
A
5000
8
Q
whose forces arrived first BoB
A
richard iii’s
9
Q
who was at side of battle field BoB
A
william and thomas stanley
10
Q
how many men did william and thomas stanley have BoB
A
4000
11
Q
who was key in henry win BoB
A
william stanley who instructed men to attack richard
12
Q
who did the house of york live in through following bosworth
A
de la pole brothers
13
Q
why did henry predate reign
A
so yorkist traitors could be prosecuted
14
Q
additional plus side to yorkists being prosecuted following predate of reign
A
crown could absorb yorkist lands
15
Q
when was his coronation
A
30th october 1485
16
Q
why was coronation important
A
- approval of church and god
- feudal law meant nobles to sign oath of loyalty
- safety measure
17
Q
when was parliament called first
A
nov 1485
18
Q
why was parliament called after coronation
A
so power not dependent on parliamentary sanction
19
Q
when was marriage
A
january 1486
20
Q
who married
A
elizabeth of york
21
Q
what did the marriage act as
A
propaganda
22
Q
name key individuals in consolidating power
A
- jasper tudor
- john morton
- margaret beaufort
23
Q
what roles was morton given
A
lord chancellor 1485-1500, archbishop of cantebury and cardinal
24
Q
what 4 ways did henry control nobles
A
attainders, patronage, attacks on retaining and bonds and recognizances
25
why did henry depend on nobles
to maintain law and order in areas they held land
26
how did land generate income
rent and leases
27
what was lucky about the time of henry's victory
many nobles had died and left children head of family
28
ex of child head of family
house of northumberland
29
what 3 factors did the nobility depend on to maintain their independence from king
wealth, land, support
30
what is an attainder
special law passed by parliament to declare someone guilty of treason without the need for a trial
31
what was asked of his first parliament with attainders
attainders placed on yorkist rebels
32
how many attainders in henrys reign
138
33
how many attainders reversed
46
34
how many attainders in last 5 years of henrys reign
51
35
ex of severe attainder (sir...)
sir thomas tyrell
36
condition of thomas tyrell attainder
had to pay 1700+ to reverse his and his fathers attainders
37
who did henry give patronage to at beginning of reign
lord stanley given earl of derby and margaret beauforts hand in marriage
john morton - lord chancellor
38
what fraction did no of nobles fall
1/4
39
what did henry do instead of patronage to nobles
looked to men lower down so dependent on henry for position and status
40
when were laws for retaining passed
1485 and 1504
41
what was agreed in 1485 retaining
lords and commons had to swear they would not retain illegally
42
what was agreed in 1504 retaining
nobles had to obtain license. penalty was £5 per month per illegal retainer
43
did attacks on retaining work
not really, nobles found ways to hide such as erasing record of wages
44
what percent of nobility under bonds at end of his reign
2/3
45
most extreme bond
lord burgavenny - convicted in 1507 of illegally retaining 471 men and fined £71000, henry agreed £5000 over 10 years
46
how often jps appointed
annually
47
how many jps per county
several
48
henrys approach to regional government
different in different areas as relied on most appropriate considering kingdom so uneven
49
government in england generally
conducted through jps
50
what power were jps granted in 1485
powers of arrest extended to cover poachers and hunters
51
what power were jps granted in 1491
powers to grant bail
52
what power were jps granted in 1495
power to vet juries
53
problem with governing northern england
far from centre of political power and had been loyal to yorkists under richard!!!
54
who was murdered in 1489
earl of northumberland
55
who replaced earl of northumberland in 1489
earl of suffolk
56
why did earl of suffolk replace earl of northumberland
suffolk had no lands or strong base of support there so would not rival henry
57
governance in marshes
local nobles had special privileges here
58
governance in wales
council of wales restored and staffed with welsh nobles under jaser tudor and arthur
59
henry official title over ireland
lord of ireland
60
was henrys status over ireland respected
no
61
who ruled ireland
earl of kildarre
62
why was earl of kildarre unfavourabale
yorkist sympathies
63
who was earl of kildarre replaced with and when
edward poynings in 1494
64
why was kildarre restored in 1496
because poynings attempted to reduce independence of irish parliament and failed
65
english governance over scotland
none! fear of auld alliance
66
main roles of parliament under henry
pass laws and vote additional taxes
67
how did henry rule instead of parliament
personal government, proclamations and decrees
68
how many members in records in henrys royal council
227
69
two key figures in henrys council
john morton and richard bray
70
what took control of money at start of his reign
treasury and exchequer
71
flaws of treasury and exchequer
clumsy and inefficient
72
what system of finance did henry swap to
chamber system so he could be more involved
73
what did henry understand to be biggest expenditure
foreign wars
74
what are feudal dues
traditional rights held by the crown to demand money, deriving from principle that the king was sole owner of all kindgom's land and that others held it as tennants
75
name types of feudal dues
marriage, wardships, livery
76
how does marriage generate income
king's right to arrange marriages of the daughters of tennants at a price
77
what is wardship
control of estates of heirs under adult age which allowed king to manage for own profit
78
what is livery
payment made by ward on reaching adulthood and taking control of his lands
79
ex of wardship
earl of northumberland murdered in 1489, son was only 10
80
how did he improve management of wards
appointed master of kings wards
81
who was master of kings wards in 1503
john hussey
82
what was income from marriages and wardships in 1487
£300
83
what was income from marriages and wardships in 1507
£6000
84
two types of custom duties
tunnage and poundage
85
what is tunnage
tax on exports
86
what is poundage
tax on imports
87
what items were main sources of custom duties
wool, wine and leather
88
how many times did he update the book of rates
twice
89
what did custom duties rise to from beginning to end of reign
£33,000 -> £40,000
90
what lands did henry inherit
all yorkist and lancastrian lands, earldoms and duchys, also attainders and escheats
91
what act was passed to reclaim all crown lands
act of resumption 1486
92
who were bonds and recognisances demanded of
those whose loyalty was suspect such as yorkist supporters
93
ex of substantial bond
earl of westmoreland had to pay £10000 after BoB
94
who enforced bonds and recognisances
C.L.I.L
95
what is a benevolence
the kings right to ask for financial help in particular emergencies, irregular source of income when king needed funds
96
ex of benevolence
1491 - raising funds for for breton crisis
97
how much money was raised in benevolence for breton crisis
£48000, £9000 from london
98
what is a parliamentary tax
special grants of taxes by parliament to finance royal policies such as military action
99
what form do parliamentary taxes take
'tenths', 'fifteenths' on moveable property
100
why not turn to parliamentary taxes often
unpopular! - cornish and yorkshire rebellion
101
what was the role of the council
supported in key decisions:
- advise king
- make legal judgements
- administer realm on kings behalf
102
what were the 3 main types of councillor
nobles, churchmen, laymen
103
ex of churchmen in council
john morton, richard fox
104
ex of laymen in council
sir reginald bray
105
when was council called
whenever king needed it
106
who did council learned in law develop under
bray
107
function of council learned in law
maintain the king's revenue and exploit prerogative rights
108
who led council learned in law following death of bray in 1503
empson and dudley
109
empson and dudley reputation
ruthless extraction of money, feared and unpopular, created enemies out of some other king advisors
110
what is the privy chamber
trusted advisors, courtiers and servants and attended to the kings personal needs, pivotal in shaping kings decisions and maintaining well-being
111
when was star chamber established
1487
112
what does star chamber do
prosecuted rebels or those behaving in lawless manner
113
when was the lovell rebellion
easter 1486
114
who were 3 men involved in lovell rebellion
francis viscount lovell, thomas and humphrey stafford
115
what did lovell and staffords do after BoB
fled into sanctuary but then left to lead insurrections
116
outcome of lovell and staffords
lovell - crushed by jasper tudor, fled into cumbria before escaping to flanders
humphrey - executed
thomas - pardoned and spared
117
2 outcomes of lovell rebellion
1. rules of sanctuary altered so could not plead sanctuary in treason cases
2. yorkists realised they needed a yorkist prince
118
when was lambert simnel a threat
1486-7
119
problem of having a yorkist prince challenge henrys rule
last yorkist prince alive imprisoned in tower of london
120
who was lambert simnel training to be
edward, earl of warwick
121
edward earl of warwick relation to richard iii
nephew
122
when did henry know about simnel
nov 1486
123
what did henry do to ease simnel threat
paraded real earl of warwick through streets of london
124
who was traitor on council (simnel supporter)
earl of lincoln
125
what did earl of lincoln do (simnel supporter) that was significant
fled to margaret of burgundys court, made henry realise he was going to be dealing with open rebellion
126
how did M of burgundy sponsor simnel
financial aid and 2000 german mercenaries
127
how did henry neutralise yorkist support in the north
reinstating earl of northumberland, a traditional yorkist supporter
128
why did ireland prefer richard iii
allowed to run ireland without much interference, didn't want to risk unknown henry tudor
129
when was simnel crowned in dublin as king edward vi
24th may 1487
130
where and when did simnel land in england following his crowning
cumbria on 4th june 1487
131
what day was battle of stoke
16th june 1487
132
was henry threatened by battle of stoke? reality of battle
YES - didnt know size/power/route of rebel army
BUT army had failed to win enough support and were numbered approx. 8000 on day and many of rebels
133
when was perkin warbeck threatening
1491-9
134
who did perkin warbeck claim to be
richard of york
135
who welcomed perkin warbeck first
charles viii of france, welcomed at court in paris
136
charles viii motive for using perkin warbeck
embarrass henry and divert from brittany
137
why warbeck forced to move from france in 1492
england and france peace
138
where was warbeck welcomed after charles
burgundy, margaret and holy roman emperor, maximilian i
139
why did warbeck fail to rouse support when he landed in kent in 1495 and what did this force him to do
number of leading figures accused and executed for treason in 1495, had to sail north to scotland
140
who supported warbeck in scotland and how did he show this
james iv, granted him an income of £1200 per year and his own cousins hand in marriage
141
when did james invade england on warbecks behalf - successful or no?
1497 - not successful as behaviour of scottish troops brutish and horrified warbeck
142
when did perkin warbeck give himself up
1497
143
what year did perkin warbeck run away from royal court
1498
144
what year was perkin warbeck executed
1499
145
aims of foreign policy
to secure his throne, to achieve international recognition of kingship and his legitimate dynasty, to promote prosperity in england, to maintain prestige while keeping costs down
146
why was brittany important to henry
henry owed duke francis ii a debt of gratitude for providing shelter in his exile to 1483
147
what treaty was signed with brittany
treaty of redon
148
when was treaty of redon
1489
149
what was agreed treaty of redon
henry promised to assist brittany in defying france, they sent 3000 english troops
150
what treaty was signed with france
treaty of etaples
151
when was treaty of etaples
1492
152
what was agreed treaty of etaples
- france pay french pension (50,000 a year)
- charles viii would not support any threats against henry vii
- henry withdraw his troops from brittany
153
when was the french pension payed until
1550
154
what was english treaty with spain
medina del campo
155
when was medina del campo
1489
156
what was agreed in medina del campo
- ferdinand and henry vii agreed mutual supportto defend their countries against enemies
- both have to agree on peace/alliance/treaty with others
- neither assist or harbour rebels or pretenders
- catherine of aragon to marry prince arthur
157
success of medina del campo
somewhat - CoA and arthur married, but he died, arguments over CoA dowry and spain didn't honour assistance agreement
158
who was in league of venice/ holy league
hre, spain, england
159
when was the magnus interursus
1496
160
what treaties did england sign with burgundy
magnus and malus intercursus
161
what was signed with scotland
truce of ayton
162
when was truce of ayton signed
1497
163
what years was the breton crisis between
1488-92
164
how did henry help brittany whilst also keeping france happy
entered negotiations with france while secretly allowing english troops into brittany to repel france
165
when did english cross the channel (breton crisis)
april 1489
166
what was henrys biggest risk (breton crisis)
final stages of war, led large force of 12000 into brittany gambling that france did not want a long drawn out conflict
167
what was france interested in other than brittany
italian peninsula
168
when was brittany finally absorbed into france
1532
169
when was trade embargo on burgundy
1493
170
when did margaret of burgundy die
1503
171
when was the yorkshire rebellion
1489
172
what was cause of yorkshire rebellion
resentment of taxation granted by parliament to finance army for brittany
173
who was murdered during yorkshire rebellion
earl of northumberland
174
why was earl of northumberland murdered
by his tenants when retainers deserted him as punishment for not supporting richard iii at bosworth
175
cause of cornish rebellion
need to finance scottish campgain
176
who did protesters in the cornish rebellion blame
the king and ministers such as morton and bray
177
what was more serious: yorkshire or cornish
cornish
178
how many involved in cornish rebellion
15000
179
who attempted to exploit the cornish rebellion
perkin warbeck
180
where did cornish rebellion reach
blackheath on march to london
181
what were the regional divisions
- demographic differences
- agricultural differences
- social attitudes
- government structure
- church influence
- linguistic and cultural differences
182
what are gentry
gentlemen who lived in large houses in the country
183
what are yeomen
farmers, owned or rented land in country
184
what was beginning to change about feudal system
growing professional and merchant group in london and major cities, growing social mobility
185
how many commoners approx.
just over 2 million
186
how many people lived in london
50,000
187
what happened to farming as the population increased
move towards sheep framing at expense of arable because increasing demand for wool
188
what was the alternative to enclosure
open field husbandry
189
what percent of exports was cloth at end of 15th century
90%
190
where is the centre of trade
antwerp
191
what was the cause for a decline in income from land
the black death
192
who two zones could england be split into
lowland and highland (split from weymouth to tees estuary)
193
name a prosperous cloth town
lavenham, suffolk
194
what company operated londons trade
merchant adventurers
195
when were the merchant adventurers founded
1407
196
when were the two navigations acts
1485 and 1489
197
what were the navigations acts
ruled that only english ships could carry certain products to and from certain ports
198
what were the navigations acts designed to challenge
the hanseatic league
199
where did the hanseatic league have a monopoly over trade
the baltic
200
what were the terms of the intercursus magnus
- english merchants could export to any part of burgundy except flanders
- merchants would be granted swift and fair justice
- disputes would be resolved swiftly and fairly
201
how much more percent cloth was being exported to europe in 1509 than at start of reign
60%
202
how would an alliance with spain encourage english trade
encourage trade in southern europe and new world
203
where specifically in europe did henry wanted to encourage trade
florence
204
venice role in trade
italian city state that dominated trade
205
how did henry begin to trade in venice and how did they respond
he encouraged some english merchants to trade in the area, venice retaliated with heavy tariffs on all english goods imported into venice
206
when was a treaty between england and florence signed
1490
207
what did the 1490 florence treaty allow england to do
allowed english wool to be imported into pisa
208
how did henry respond to venice raising tariffs
restricted sale of wool to venice
209
how many ships did he leave henry viii
9
210
why were his ships better than before
bigger and better equipped
211
what was the country's first fortified naval base
portsmouth
212
who did henry support the voyages of
john and sebastian cabot
213
who was faster at making exploration discoveries than england
spain and portugal
214
when did john cabot reach newfoundland
1497
215
when did sebastian cabot set sail
1509, with henrys blessing
216
what did sebastian cabot find
hudson bay
216
what was cabot trying to find
new fishing grounds
217
what was the role of the rcc
- maintaining social control
- catering for populations spiritual needs
- providing opportunities for employment
- playing an important political role
218
in england who was the rcc administered through
archbishop of york and canteburry
219
name ways to limit purgatory
observing the 7 sacraments or going on a pilgrimage
220
what was the central religious experience
the eucharist - transubstantiation
221
what are the 3 types of religious order
nuns, friars, monks
222
what % of adult males were monks
1%
223
how many monasteries
900
224
name a famous monastic order
the benedictine order
225
role of friars
worked among lay people and were largely supported by charitable donations
226
who were nunneries often populated by
women unfit for marriage
227
when did lollardy first emerge
late 14th century
228
what did lollards believe
- rcc corrupt
- bible in english
- sceptical about transubstantiation
229
when was humanism developed
during 14th-15th century renaissance
230
what aspects of life did humanism impact
religious teaching, politics and economics
231
who was the impact of humanism restricted to
a minority of the educated nobility and gentry
232
who influenced humanism in england
erasmus
233
when did erasmus visit england
1499
234
name two famous humanists
john colet and thomas more
235
evidence of churchs popularity in ordinary people
many left money to church in will
236
what % of parish churches renovated or rebuilt in 15th century
60%
237
what was simony
selling positions in the church for money
238
what was pluralism
clergy having more than one position in the church
239
what was absenteeism
some parish priests rarely visited their parishes
240
what was quality of clergy
some didnt observe vows and others ignorant of religion also poorly educated priests problem as bible in latin
241
what happened at oxford that represents humanism influence
scholars from italy came and taught at english universities such as oxford
242
ex of poet henry supported
john skeleton wrote poetry about england and henry vii
243
ex of buildings henry commissioned
richmond palace and a chapel in westminster abbey
244
where was the printing press first created
germany
245
when was the first printing press used in england
1476
246
what did the printing press mean for england
books and artwork more accessible which led to ideas being spread
247
