henry viii Flashcards
(276 cards)
1
Q
when did he ascend the throne
A
april 1509
2
Q
how long was the death of h7 concealed
A
2 days
3
Q
why was death of h7 concealed
A
while h8 and councillors secured position
4
Q
who established themselves in power at start of h8 reign
A
richard fox, thomas lovell, richard weston
5
Q
who was imprisoned immediately in h8 reign
A
empson and dudley
6
Q
how was h8 rule/attitude dif from h7
A
- lacked strong work ethic
- little interest in government
- relied heavily on others
7
Q
traits of h8
A
- ruthlessness and cynicism
- insecurity
- impulsiveness
8
Q
what were his aims
A
- dismantle unpopular aspects of fathers legacy while maintaining stability
- establish status among european monarchs through marriage and preserve dynasty
- support nobility and preserve strong government
- establish as warrior king
9
Q
what gov. did he inherit
A
strong and efficient central and local gov. structure, staffed by able administrators
10
Q
when did gov. structure begin to change
A
1514
11
Q
why did conciliar gov begin to break down
A
disagreements between henry and his councillors eg over war with france or henrys preference to surround himself with younger nobles
- reluctance of father’s advisors to go to war with france
- more confident as role as king
- surrounded himself with like-minded young men who all resented the ‘old guard’
- impressed with wolseys ability and effort
12
Q
when was wolsey born
A
1472
13
Q
wolsey background
A
son of ipswich butcher, humble origins
14
Q
what was wolsey status under h7
A
low rankng chaplain
15
Q
what position was wolsey granted in 1514
A
archbishop of york
16
Q
what positions was wolsey granted in 1515
A
cardinal and lord chancellor
17
Q
what position was wolsey given in 1518
A
papal legate
18
Q
skills of wolsey
A
- able to manipulate henry with gifts
- network of informants and used his legal powers as lord chancellor to manipulate others
- ambitious
- organisational
19
Q
what impressed henry about wolsey
A
organising transport, supplies and equipment for war in france
20
Q
who were wolseys enemies
A
duke of norfolk - saw as arrogant and vindictive
AND those at court who expected to have major influence and don’t
21
Q
what years was concillar government restored between
A
1529-32
22
Q
what years was wolseys influence between
A
1515-29
23
Q
what years was cromwells influence between
A
1532-40
24
Q
what were wolseys two legal reforms
A
court of chancery and court of star chamber
25
how did wolsey use the court of chancery
tried to use the court to uphold 'fair' justice eg problems relating to enclosure, contracts and land left in wills
26
main problem with court of chancery
became too popular and justice was slow, clogged with too many cases
27
when was star chamber established
act of parliament in 1487
28
what was star chamber centre of for wolsey
government and justice
29
what was wolseys motive in extending use of star chamber from 1516
to increase cheap and fair justice
30
what did wolsey hear at star court
cases of alleged misconduct by people who were dominant in their localities and private lawsuits
31
how successful were wolseys legal reforms
mostly!!
32
how did wolsey change how subsidies were collected and how were they collected before this
they were collected by local comissioners who assessed taxpayer's wealth, changed to a national committee headed by wolsey with more realistic assessments
33
what was the problem with local commissioners
over-generous to nobles
34
what was wolseys attempt at unparliamentary taxation called
the amicable grant
35
when was the amicable grant
1525
36
what did wolsey introduce to improve finance of privy council
eltham ordinances
37
when were eltham ordinances introduced
1526
38
two purposes of eltham ordinances
- reduce government expenditure
- reduce influence of privy council
39
when was the last national survey
1086
40
when did wolsey launch enquiry into enclosure
1517
41
when did wolsey have to suspend his enquiry into enclosure
1523
42
when was coinage debased
1526
43
why was the amicable grant unsuccessful
- demanded in 10 weeks; unreasonable! so had to allow exceptions and word got around and more and more people did not pay
44
where were rebellions as a result of amicable grant
suffolk and east anglia
45
when did wolsey call parliament (two years)
1515, 1523
46
why were parliament reluctant to help h8 with divorce
mps angry that they had been sidelined and wanted concessions from the crown before they would agree the divorce
47
when did charles v become emperor
1519-55
48
where did charles v rule over
hre, burgundy, spain, naples, large parts of new world
49
when was francis i king
1515-1547
50
what were his favourite activities
hunting, tennis and jousting also music and composing
51
how many bonds and recognisances did h8 cancel
175
52
who was the main candidate of the 'white rose' party
edmund de la pole, earl of suffolk
53
how did h8 continue to manage local government
jps and looking to men lower down social ranking
54
what part of government became more important under his rule
privy chamber
55
how many men in privy chamber
20 (ish)
56
how many residences did he have
30
57
name some key members of privy council
thomas more, thomas wolsey, william paget, thomas cromwell
58
what did henry encourage at court
factionalism
59
what is factionalism
rivalry between groups that were keen to win limited patronage
60
who did wolsey gain patronage at court under
richard fox
61
example of wolsey using his legal powers and informants against a rival
duke of buckingham, edward stafford
- 1520, investigated by wolsey following rumors that he said in a private conversation that henry might not be king much longer
- 1521, arrested, imprisoned in tower
- refused to plead for his life, was tried for treason and beheaded
62
how many servants in wolsey household
500
63
who did wolsey travel with
large escort of richly dressed attendants bearing his emblems and livery
64
ex of wolsey taking revenge
sir amyas paulet humiliated him as a young priest.
- when he became lord chancellor, summoned paulet to london on a trumped up charge and kept him there demanding daily attendance and ruining him financially
65
why was wolseys role as papal legate more significant than usual
he was granted papal legate but with additional powers meaning he could act on behalf of the pope SO he could give leadership to or reject those who wanted to reform the church
66
what did wolsey do to reduce anti-clericalism
nothing
67
printing on quality of church
more people aware of criticisms of taxes going to rome to an extravagent pope
68
how did wolsey personify shortcomings of clergy
two illegitimate children and lived openly with his mistress until 1519
69
what did martin luther release and when
95 theses in 1517
70
who could lutheranism be used against
the catholic emperoor, charles v
71
main critics of the catholic church
luther, calvin, tyndale
72
what did william tyndale do
publish parts of the bible in english
73
what did wolsey instruct english bishops to do
carry out their duties more scrupulously
74
how did wolsey test quality of the church
ordered inspections of quality of religious life in monasteries and other religious institution
75
what happened as a result of wolseys inspections on monasteries
over two dozen religious houses were dissolved and assets confiscated
76
how did wolsey improve religious learning
merging of monasteries under 12 monks and shutting under 6
77
what did he plan to do to increase education
cardinal college in oxford and school in ipswich
78
how did wolsey encourage henry to take a stand against luther
burning of lutherean texts in 1521
79
why was henry awarded title of defender of the faith
for writing a book against luther
80
what were the young nobles at court referred to as
minions
81
what was wolseys main legal concern
tackling the problem of slow and often unfair delivery of justice
82
how many cases did star chamber hear before wolsey reformed
12 a year
83
how many cases were heard at star chamber after wolsey
120
84
what was wolseys reputation
friend of the poor
85
how much money was raised in the 1522 national survey
200,000
86
how much were the laity taxed in amicable grant
between 1/6 and 1/10 of value of goods owned, clergy 1/3
87
why was wolsey against enclosure
destroyed village life and jobs
88
why did wolsey have to suspend enquiries into enclosure
opposition from landowners
89
how many parliaments were called in wolseys rule
2 - 1515, 1523
90
who was the only person who could annul henry and catherines marriage
pope clement vii
91
what are henrys options for securing a divorce/annulment
scripture, diplomacy, law
92
what was the scriptural argument
leviticus suggested that it was unlawful for a man to marry his brother's wife
93
limitations of scriptural argument
the meaning was not clear so the pope was less inclined to agree and other bible passages contradict it
94
what is the diplomacy stance (divorce CoA)
charles V had the pope as hostage, charles was also CoA nephew so pope was not going to permit the divorce at that time, henry tried to rescue the pope by allying with france
95
what is legal efforts (CoA divorce)
wolsey persuaded pope to allow divorce court in england however pope instructed his representatives to delay as long as possible
96
what cardinal did the pope send to delay
campeggio
97
what was wolsey charged with and when
praemunire - uisng papal authority against the crown, october 1529
98
what does the contradicting bible text say about marrying brothers widow
it is actually duty to marry and have kids with her
99
where was wolsey exiled to
york
100
why does some evidence suggest wolsey was beginning to lose influence at council in the late 1520s
annes father, brother and other supporters gained more influence
101
4 reasons why wolsey had lost henrys confidence by 1529
1 - failure to secure divorce
2 - failure to achieve foreign policy aims
3 - boleyn faction hinting that wolsey was delaying the divorce
4 - his reputation and personal ambitions
102
what beliefs did more hold
humanist
103
who was more sympathetic to
CoA
104
when did arthur die
1502
105
ex of who taught henry
john skeleton
106
how old was henry when he came to the throne
17, soon 18
107
how did wolsey support poor before being lord chancellor
royal almuner - distribute leftover food to poor on behalf of king
108
what year was french invasion that wolsey organised
1512
109
order of councillors and conciliar government with years and names
conciliar - 1509-1514
wolsey - 1514-1529
conciliar - 1529-1532
cromwell - 1532-1540
conciliar - 1540-1547
110
what was the political landscape in europe between 1509-29
changing alliances, reformation, concern of ottoman turks
111
what years was the first french war between
1512-14
112
events summary of first french war before wolsey joined the campaign
h joined holy league (pope, spain, venice against france), h army to france, ferdinand of spain conquered french territory h wanted and concluded peace w/ france, disease broke out in camps!
113
what did events in first french war w/ ferdinand show about henry
naive!
114
what size army did henry lead into france in 1513
25,000
115
what towns were seized in first french war
therouanne and tourani
116
what battle was won during first french war
battle of spurs
117
who really benefitted from the capture of therouanne and tournai
maximillian as burgundian/french border
118
who organised the campaigning of the first french war, events of 1513
wolsey
119
why did henry have to make peace in 1514 with france
ties to holy league - ferdinand and maximillian were making peace so he had to also
120
what outcomes came out of the agreement with france following first french war
- allowed to keep therouanne and tournai
- french pension (50,000 a year)
- marriage of h sister, mary, and louis xii of france
121
when did england declare the second french war
may 1522
122
who abandoned h in joint attack on paris in second french war
charles v
123
what was charles v focused on during second french war
events in italy
124
what was common in the first and second french wars
h had been abandoned by his allies
125
what was wolseys role in second french war
began to look for peace by 1524
126
when was the battle of pavia
feb 1525
127
what years was the second french war between
1522-25
128
what happened at battle of pavia
10,000 french soldiers killed and francis captured
129
consequence of battle of pavia in europe
balance of power in europe changed, the hre became the dominant force
130
consequence of battle of pavia in england
forced england to end rivalry w/ france, cemented by treaties of more, westminster and amiens
131
analysis of first french war
some success but mostly unsuccessful
132
analysis of second french war
very unsuccessful
133
what years was the third french war between
1543-46
134
what triggered english involvement in third french war
conflict re-emerging between france and hre in 1541
135
what interrupted the third french war
events in scotland! battle of solway moss in 1542 and death of james v left an infant on the throne and scotland ripe for taking
136
when was h able to turn his attention back to france in third french war
mid 1544
137
where did h sail to in third french war w/ how many troops
calais, 48000
138
what was the agreed plan third french war and what actually happened
joint attack with h and charles on paris, but h split his forces - one of which led by h to boulogne
139
what month did h acquire boulogne
september
140
what treaty was signed to end french english conflict third french war
treaty of ardres
141
when was treaty of ardres signed
june 1546
142
what was agreed under treaty of ardres
- h allowed to keep boulogne and france
- france pay all outstanding pensions
143
how much did the third french war cost
£2 million (£840 million) in todays economy
144
how was the third french war financed
- dissolution of monasteries
- debasement of coinage
- large scale borrowing from antwerp money market
145
analysis of third french war
slight success - closer to becoming french king and fulfilling this aim but maintain boulogne and cost of war?!
146
when was the treaty of london
1518
147
what three things characterise englands relationship with france between 1509-1520
- first french war
- treaty of london
- field of cloth of gold
148
what opportunity did wolsey seize for treaty of london and what was his goal with it
leo x, pope in 1513, called for general crusade to halt influence of ottomans - little chance of this happening AND wanted to make england centre of european diplomacy
149
what did wolsey call for with treaty of london
universal peace in europe, settle differences
150
how many countries signed the treaty of london
24+
151
what was agreed by signatories of treaty of london
avoid war or risk being attacked by everyone else
152
why was england pivotal in balance of power in treaty of london
they had signed separately with each country
153
consequences of treaty of london
fame to henry, upstaged pope, dispelled english isolation
154
how did battle of marignano change h foreign policy
francis i victory over swiss mercenaries - reputation far in excess of henrys in capturing therouanne and tournai
155
what undermined treaty of london
1519, charles elected at hre - dominance over europe and threatened french land - french/hre opposition
156
how did h manage france and hre after events of treaty of london and what role did england try to play
neutral role!
france - field of cloth of gold
hre - spoke twice
157
what years did henry support the habsurgs and what years did he support the french following the treaty of london
1520-25 - habsburgs
1525-29 - france
158
when did henry join league of cognac
1526
159
what was the purpose of goal of league of cognac
anti-habsburg
160
who was league of cognac between
france, pope, venice, florence
161
when was the field of cloth of gold
1520
162
similarities between wolsey and cromwell
- climbed ranks rapidly
- anticipated henrys needs and gave him what he wanted
- humble origins
- outsiders at court
- legal reforms
163
differences between wolsey and cromwell
- c devised strat for divorce
- c legal experience
- c prot, w cath
- c never as secure in position as wolsey
164
what is cromwells gov. reform called
elton thesis
165
who was lord chancellor between wolsey and cromwell
more
166
what was mores major issues in serving henry
he put his principles before everything else, he was sympathetic to CoA, he believed in gradual change of church but also did not like lutherans
167
what acts were passed by parliament between 1533-41 by cromwell to establish royal supremacy
1533 - act in restraint of appeals
1534 - act of succession
1534 - act of supremacy
1534 - treaon act
1534 - act in restraint of annates
1536 and 1541 - first and second suppression acts
168
what did act in restraint of appeals do
no appeals could be made to rome against decisions of church courts in england so catherine could not appeal to rome against her marriage annulment
169
what did act of succession do
annulled henry's marriage to CoA, vested succession in anne's children - mary became illegitimate
170
what did act of supremacy do
king declared head of CoE, 'break with rome' as popes authority no longer recognised in england
171
what did treason act do
treasonable to call henry a heretic, used against opponents of royal supremacy (incl. thomas more)
172
what did act in restraint of annates do
allowed to be transferred from pope to king strengthening kings position
173
what did first and second suppression acts do
dissolved monasteries, confiscation of church land to the crown increased wealth
174
why was there haste in passing the act in restraint of appeals
henry had secretly married a pregnant anne boleyn
175
why was the act of supremacy not a big deal
it didn't make much difference in day-to-day life, the pope was rarely appealed to for legal matters
176
how many religious houses
825
177
when was the survey of monasteries carried out under cromwell
1535
178
what was the reformation
a europe wide movement in the 16th century which challenged the authority of the catholic church - focusing on: spiritual renewal, reading the bible, personal relationship with god
179
name key influences on henry on religious matters
thomas more - catholic
thomas cranmer - protestant
thomas cromwell - protestant
anne boleyn - protestant
180
who were the two other main reformers apart from luther
calvin and zwingli
181
why do luthers ideas stick
luck - people across europe were already thinking the same ideas but were fearful to say so
182
when was luther excommunicated
1520
183
what year did calvin break with the catholic church
1530
184
what were calvin's main beliefs
- predestination - the elect and the damned
- god is completely sovereign, there is no other authority
185
why were monasteries important for the community
they owned land and employed labourers which provided livelihood for those in neighbouring villages
186
what was the official reason for the dissolution of the monasteries
corruption
187
what were unofficial reasons for the dissolution of the monasteries
- monasteries were wealthy and they could fund h's ambitions abroad
- provide land for patronage (also economic purpose)
- they were CATHOLIC institutions and so could resist change
188
what were the three steps in closing down the monasteries
1- gathering evidence
2- dissolving smaller monasteries
3- abolishing the rest
189
what acts/things closed the monasteries
1535 - valor ecclesiastious
1536 - act of dissolution of smaller monasteries
1539 - act of dissolution of larger monasteries
1540 - court of augmentations
190
what was the valor ecclesiastious
'value of the church', commissioners to survey this! THEN, 2nd set to investigate moral and spiritual standards
191
how was it decided which smaller monasteries to close
based on surveys
192
what did the act of dissolution of smaller monasteries do
closed all religious houses with lands valued at under £200 a year
193
what could stop closure of a monastery
bribes (1537-8)
194
what was the purpose of the court of augmentations
handle property and income from dissolved monasteries
195
who was chancellor of court of augmentation
richard rich
196
how much percent wealth did dissolution of monasteries generate
10% of entire wealth of kingdom
197
what did the dissolution of monasteries mean for nobility and lesser gentry
nobility - strengthen regional holdings
lesser gentry - establish presence!!!
this contributed to changing class systems
198
what did monks and nuns lose and what did they get in return
lost jobs and accom
BUT were given pensions, one-off payments and other roles to fulfill
199
what important religious title was cromwell given and when and what did it mean
vicegerent in spirituals in 1534, he had a key role in church outranking archbishops and bishops
200
by what year had henry spent all the money gained from dissolution of monasteries
1547
201
what were effects of dissolution of monasteries on ordinary people
loss in education, healthcare, charity, identity and cultural heritage
202
what percent of land did monasteries own
25%
203
when was the pilgrimmage of grace
1536
204
what was pilgrimmage of grace a response to
religious change in the country, dissolution of the monasteries, rumors that cromwells commissioners were intending to strip the parish church of its ornaments
205
where did the pilgrimmage of grace begin
louth, lincolnshire (north)
206
who was the rebel leader of pilgrimmage of grace
robert aske
207
how many rebels at height of pilgrimmage of grace
40,000
208
what were the pontefract articles
8 about religious policy, as well as other grievances about money, tax, cromwell and enclosure
209
how did henry treat the rebels
first - offered general pardon and promised parliament would consider their demands
but - fresh rebellions in following year gave henry excuse to execute leaders incl. robert aske
210
what are the two interpretations of the pilgrimmage of grace
court faction thesis or popular rebellion thesis
211
what is the court faction thesis
defeated court group opposed to cromwell devised plan to increase their power
212
what is the popular rebellion thesis
a movement of the common people who were angry at the governments religious change
213
who was the holy maid of kent
a martyr - elizabeth barton - catholic nun
214
what did holy maid of kent do and sequence of events
she started experiencing visions of henry's death in 1525, if he remarried anne dead in a year
- henry went to visit
- was having visions as she was starving herself
- arrested for treason in 1533 and forced to confess her visions were lies
- head put on spike on london bridge
215
what methods were used by the government to prevent and supress opposition
- treason law
- injunctions
- pulpit
- cromwell
- church visitations
- propaganda
- proclamations
- royal correspondence
- oaths
216
what was now shaky following the break w rome
treason laws
217
what was difficult about current treason laws and give example
unable to charge those who opposed the king in words only eg the holy maid of kent
218
when was the treason act passed
1534
219
what was treasonable in 1534 treason act
- to attempt to kill monarch or discuss or write about their deaths
- to call the king a heretic
220
what does the elton thesis argue
that cromwell was responsible for radically changing the way england was governed - move away from personal monarchy and toward into bureaucratic gov. which is dif. departments
221
how did cromwell use injunctions
began to bypass bishops and issue injunctions directly to clergy
222
what are the 3 elements to the elton thesis
constitutional, political and bureaucratic
223
why was there a revolution in gov. (according to elton thesis)
gov. expanded to cope with changes brought by break w/ rome
224
what key things happened under constitutional revolution
- h became head of church in addition to state
- royal authority extended over wales and semi-independent regions
225
how was royal authority extended in wales (act and explain)
act of union, unified all of marcher lands, wales then divided into shires and represented in parliament
226
when was act of union
1536
227
how was royal authority extended over semi-independent regions
1536 act against liberties and franchises
228
what did 1536 act against liberties and franchises do
restrict power of liberties eg durham, ely
229
what key things happened during political revolution
- king AND parliament became king-in-parliament
- parliament more important
230
what law turned king and parliament to king-in-parliament
parliamentary statute law (highest form of authority) KiP ultimate legislative body
231
when was parliamentary statute law introduced
late 1530s
232
long term effect of parliamentary statute law/KiP
if future monarchs wanted to change laws they had to cooperate with parliament
233
what did henry use parliament for following break w/ rome
doctrinal changes within church of england
234
what key things happened during bureaucratic revolution
- emergence of privy council as engine of gov
- cromwell as coordinating minister rather than lord chancellor
- development of specialised departments
235
what changed regarding privy council during bureaucratic revolution
- less noble involvement as most people were professionally trained lawyers
- reduction in size to be more effective
236
what did the size of the privy council decline from to
100 to 20
237
who else is linked w/ reform of privy council
wolsey - eltham ordinances 1526, (BUT WOLSEY CHIEF ADVISOR WAS CROMWELL)
238
counterargument to constitutional revolution
- power of crown increased but didn't fundamentally change
- english kings had always been allowed to run the english church and make their own appointments, having little to do with the pope anyway
239
counterargument to political revolution
although wolsey and henry vii had avoided parliament, previous kings had called much more
240
counterargument to bureaucratic revolution
court was still centre of power
241
general criticisms of the elton thesis
- in response to the great matter
- change was due to henry's imposition not cromwell
242
what 4 courts did cromwell create to manage finances
- augmentations
- first fruit and tenths
- wards
- general surveyors
243
what changed about kings advisers because of bureaucratic revolution
the specialised courts needed those who were skilled to manage them and so those who populated them were not the nepotistic nobles but rather men who depended on h for their position = loyalty and dependent for position
244
what year was h excommunicated
1538
245
what year was the battle of flodden
1513
246
who led english in battle of flodden
CoA
247
when was the battle of solway moss
1542
248
what treaty did the battle of solway moss lead to
treaty of greenwich
249
when was rough wooing
1544-5
250
what was the purpose of rough wooing
war aimed to enforce marriage of edward and mary
251
main countries in englands foreign policy under henry
- france
- scotland
- hre
- ireland
252
why did england fear position of ireland
feared spain could use as base to attack
253
what part of ireland did england control
pale of dublin
254
why did scotland become a threat again in the late 30s, early 40s
marriage of james v to mary of guise (french)
255
how many scottish prisoners in solway moss
1000
256
what year did a rebellion start in ireland
1536
257
who led the rebellion in ireland
thomas fitzgerald
258
why was there a rebellion in ireland
henry had displaced the authority of the pope
259
how was the irish rebellion dealt with
brutally! and a more solid basis of gov. was established to deter future rebellions
260
how did h deal with ireland in 1540
declared a kingdom of ireland - all lands in ireland to be surrendered to the crown with promise returned to owners after pledge loyalty
261
what did ireland get in return for 1940 reform
some irish lords to be included in parliament in gov.
262
what year did factions become important from
late 1530s
263
what event weakened relations between cromwell and henry
arranged marriage of henry and anne of cleves, henry did not like her looks and refused to marry her
264
alt. reason for cromwell fall w anne of cleves situation
henry did not care for anne of cleves as he was focused on catherine howard, niece of duke of norfolk, cromwells bitterest rival so norfolk attempted to poison relations
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norfolk/cromwell rivalry with catherine howard - what evidence shows this didn't damage cromwell and henrys relationship
cromwell was promoted to earl of essex in 1540
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how did catherine and norfolk FURTHER sour henry cromwell relations
said not securing divorce from anne quick enough and suggested crom was protecting group of prots. in calais
267
what 3 things contributed to the fall of cromwell
1- protestant alliance
2- own religious preferences
3- cleves marriage
268
what rivalry was there in court between 1540-7 and what decision encouraged this
conservative and reform factions, h decision not to pick new chief minister following cromwell
269
when was catherine howard executed and why
she was young (19) and had many admirers at court and so was unfaithful, she was executed 1542
270
catherine howard unfaithfulness on factions
damaged conservative faction
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what two things damaged the conservative faction
- unfaithfulness of catherine howard
- accusations on cranmer
- marriage to catherine parr
272
when was the succession act
1544
273
who was named in his succession in order
edward, mary, elizabeth, suffolk family
274
role of sir anthony denny in reform faction
chief gentleman of the king's chambers, crucial as h more ill and confined here! also gave him access to the dry stamp
275
what did denny and seymour pass with the dry stamp
revised version of the 1544 succession act that added provisions that strengthened the power of the regency council
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