EEOB Midterm

Question 1

Based on Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, in the assessment this term you will be required to ___ the material by doing actions such as.

Analyze - solve a medical problem
Apply - list the key functions of an organ
Understand - paraphrase technical definitions
Remember - contrast the items in a set

Answer 1

Understand - paraphrase technical definitions

Analyze - contrast the items in a set
Apply - solve a medical problem
Remember - list the key functions of an organ

Question 2

Which is a correct compare/contrast statement about our Critical Equations?

Unlike our Eq. #4, all of our other Equations are reversible
ATP is a product only of our equation #2
Water is found in precisely 2 of them
Both of our Equations #3 and #4 apply to gases only

Answer 2

Water is found in precisely 2 of them

Unlike the others, Equations #1 and #3 are reversible
ATP is a product of our equation #2 and #3
Both of our Equations #3 and #4 apply to gases and liquids

Question 3

While review his physiology knowledge this morning, Brutus Buckeye correctly recalled that while he sleeps each night, the ____ for his body temperature was decreased due to a(n) ___.

Steady State - biorhythm
Set point - biorhythm
Steady State - environmental change
Set point - environmental change

Answer 3

Set point - biorhythm

Question 4

From our syllabus, Libby Thompson reviewed the final grade calculation in this course and correctly stated to a friend that

Only eight Weekly Exam grades are included
The midterm is worth 100 points
Only eight scantron completion scores are included
The pretest is worth 25 points

Answer 4

Only eight Weekly Exam grades are included

The midterm is worth 200 points
Only ten scantron completion scores are included
The pretest is worth 5 points

Question 5

Which is a correct statement about this course?

The course does not have a required textbook
Carmen grades will regularly be accurately calculating your current grade in this course
If OSU closes, we will not have lecture
Your final grade will be based on the truncating of you percentage out of 800 points

Answer 5

The course does not have a required textbook

Carmen grades will eventually be accurately calculating your grade in this course
If OSU closes, we will have online lecture
Your final grade will be based on the rounded percentage out of 800 points

Question 6

During a comparison of their favorite dog breeds, Phys Phab Sarah chose Chihuahuas while Phys Phab Caley chose Great Danes. Phys Phab Katie correctly pointed out that smaller animals typically have higher heart rates than larger ones. Consequently, Katie correctly stated that ____ favorite dog breed has a higher _____ for their heart rate.

Sarah’s - set point
Sarah’s - equilibrium
Caley’s - set point
Caley’s - equilibrium

Answer 6

Sarah’s - set point

Question 7

Phys Phab Allison felt ill the day after wearing a big fluffy coat to a snowball fight on the oval. She correctly realized that, for her body temperature

She dressed warmly to remain in set point
She likely did negative feedback
More energy was available for her immune system
Her homeostatic control system was usually active

Answer 7

She likely did negative feedback

She dressed warmly to remain in steady state
Less energy was available for her immune system
Her homeostatic control system was always active

Question 8

Based on Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy, understanding includes the abilities to

Paraphrase and List
Locate and Paraphrase
Duplicate and Locate
Define and Translate

Answer 8

Locate and Paraphrase

Classify, Locate, Translate and Paraphrase

Question 9

Which is a correct statement about the Party Room?

Appointments are required to attend
It is open every weekday
You can take pictures
It is in 119 Jennings Hall

Answer 9

It is open every weekday

Appointments are never required to attend
You cannot take pictures
It is in 119 Aronoff Lab

Question 10

Dr. Scarlet obtains two blood samples from Patient X who is an experienced free diver (holds breath while underwater) Sample A was taken before a dive and Sample B was taken after a 5 minute dive. Dr, Scarlet correctly expects that when comparing the analysis of 2 samples

Sample 2 will be more acidic
Sample 2 will have more oxygen
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct

Answer 10

Sample 2 will be more acidic

Sample 1 will have more oxygen

Question 11

During a physiology laboratory, you add a large amount of ATP to a typical neuron. Consequently, you correctly expect that this neuron will

Run its critical equation #1 less in the reverse direction
Not have its critical eq #2 be slowed down
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct

Answer 11

Run its critical equation #1 less in the reverse direction

Have its critical eq #2 be slowed down

Question 12

Dr. Grays Patient Y regularly takes runs at 0600 each morning. Patient Y is concerned that their fitness tracker has recorded that their heart rate is starting to increase at about 0555. Gr. G correctly tells Patient Y that what the tracker is recording is

An example of feedforward
Not an adjustment of their set point
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct

Answer 12

Both statements are correct

An example of feedforward
Not an adjustment of their set point

Question 13

Prior to the start of this term , GTA Kristian regularly ate breakfast with his wife at 0900. Now they eat at 1000 when he returns from lecture. Consequently, the analysis of a blood sample from Kristian taken at 0845 last thursday would have shown that

A substrate for his critical equation #2 was below set point
His body was doing feedforward
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct

Answer 13

Both statements are correct

A substrate for his critical equation #2 was below set point
His body was doing feedforward

Question 14

After reading about our courses resources, your fellow student Carmen correctly pointed out to you that

The lecture slides are posted on Carmen at the end of the week
You are forbidden from making recordings of the lectures
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct

Answer 14

Neither statement is correct

The lecture slides are available in the Party Room
You are allowed to take recordings of the lectures

Question 15

When at a basketball game, UGTA Scott watched the equipment manager add air to some balls that visually appeared to be fully inflated. She correctly told the fan sitting next to her that

The volume of the balls was not being changed
The balls’ pressure was increasing
Both statements are correct
Neither statement is correct

Answer 15

Both statements are correct

The volume of the balls was not being changed
The balls’ pressure was increasing

Question 16

Your classmate Carmen considers how the viscosity of the water n the extracellular matrix could be increased. They correctly determine that this water would be ___ if more ___ are added in the area.

Thinner - carbohydrate structures
Thinner - fibrous proteins
Thicker - carbohydrate structures
Thicker - fibrous proteins

Answer 16

Thicker - carbohydrate structures

Question 17

In a conversation with a mascot friend, Brutus Buckeye learned of a son born with polydactyly (more than 5 fingers) who then had the extra digits surgically removed. Brutus correctly stated that, for his fingers, the boy ___ a developmental acclimatization and could have ___ to the additional fingers.

Had - adapted
Did not have - adapted
Had - acclimated
Did not have - acclimated

Answer 17

Had - acclimated

Question 18

The pericardium is a sac of tissue that surrounds the heart and anchors it to the surrounding body structures. Consequently, you correctly know that the pericardium is from which primary type?

Nervous
Muscle
Connective
Extracellular

Answer 18

Connective

Question 19

Dr. Scarlets Patient X has been on a self-directed diet that contains virtually no sugar. Dr. S correctly expects the Patient X to begin showing signs of

ATP deficiency
Extracellular matrix build up
Increased interstitial fluid viscosity
Excess energy

Answer 19

ATP deficiency

Extracellular matrix breakdown
Decreased interstitial fluid viscosity
Fatigue

Question 20

While reviewing his knowledge about growth hormone, Billy Ireland correctly stated that

It has a circadian phase
It has a wider amplitude than urinary potassium
Its measurement should only occur about 1100
Its phase matches cortisol

Answer 20

Its phase matches cortisol

It has a circadian period
It has a narrower amplitude than urinary potassium

Question 21

After studying the body’s fluid compartments, Libby Thompson correctly stated that ___ is found ____ cells.

Extracellular fluid - within
Intrastitial fluid - surrounding
The largest one - within
The smallest one - in the matrix around the

Answer 21

The largest one - within

Extracellular fluid - surrounding
Interstitial fluid - surrounding
The smallest one - in the blood
Intracellular fluid - within
The mid-sized one - in the matrix around the

Question 22

Which is a correct statement about biorhythms?

The utilize positive feedforward
They are easily adjustable
Only some of them follow a 24 hour period
Their acclimatization is always reversible

Answer 22

Only some of them follow a 24 hour period

The utilize feedforward
They are not easily adjustable
Their acclimatization is not always reversible

Question 23

Dr. Gray’s Patient Y presents with high blood pressure. Further testing shows that their blood vessels are not able to expand properly. If due to the extracellular matrix, Dr. G knows that ____ might be deficient.

Elastin
Collagen
Fibronectin
Matrixocytes

Answer 23

Elastin

Question 24

Which is a correct statement about the indirect intercellular communication?

A neuron can send endocrines
Paracrines travel the furthest
Gap Junctions are shorter than tunneling nanotubes
Paracrines were previously called hormones

Answer 24

A neuron can send endocrines

Endocrines travel the furthest
Endocrines were previously called hormones

Question 25

While listening to a student explain the set point for body temperature, Phys Phab Alyssa heard the correct statement of this set point Always being at 98.6 Having a period identical to cortisol Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 25

Having a period identical to cortisol Sometimes being at 98.6

Question 26

Which is a correct statement about the indirect intercellular communicators? Only paracrines and neurotransmitters travel via the fluid between the cells Only endocrines are able to overcome the limitations of diffusion Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 26

Both statements are correct Only paracrine and neurotransmitters travel via the fluid between the cells Only endocrines are able to overcome the limitations of diffusion

Question 27

Phys Phab Gracie has har annual checkup right before coming to lecture last Wednesday morning. When viewing her test results as compared to her last annual done at a noon appointment, she was correctly concerned about the High cortisol level High growth hormone Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 27

High growth hormone Low cortisol level

Question 28

During a recent dream, you thought that it was snowing but the snow turned out to be skin flakes. You correctly have realized that the cells in these skin flakes Have a different genome than the cells in your kidneys Likely have identical proteomes Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 28

Neither statement is correct Have the same genome as the cells in your kidneys Likely do not have identical proteomes

Question 29

Cell A sends a signal that is received by nearby Cells B, C, and D. Consequently, this signal most likely Is a neurotransmitter Moved through the mid-sized fluid compartment Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 29

Moved through the mid-sized fluid compartment Is a paracrine

Question 30

Which is a correct statement about the extracellular matrix? It is primarily created by connective cells called matrixocytes The sugar structure cause the nearby water to be viscous Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 30

The sugar structure causes the nearby water to be viscous It is primarily created by connective cells called fibroblasts

Question 31

A new fact about Vitamin D is that it enters cells without assistance. Consequently, utilizing all of your Vitamin D knowledge, you know that it is Lipophobic An oxidant Large Similar to oxygen

Answer 31

Similar to oxygen Lipophilic An antioxidant Small

Question 32

Phys Phab Zaina asked the students in the Party Room to create a correct statement about bonds associated with cells. One statement she heard was that Hydrogen bonding typically involves charge differences between hydrogen and carbon Ionic bonding does not occur Covalent bonds regularly dissolve in water Covalent bonding causes the formation of the plasma membrane

Answer 32

Ionic bonding does not occur Hydrogen bonding typically involves charge differences between hydrogen and oxygen Covalent bonds do not dissolve in water Hydrophobic bonding causes the formation of the plasma membrane

Question 33

Dr. Scarlet is investigating the connection between two of Patient X’s cells. When Dr. S adds blue dye to the cytosol of Cell A and Cell B’s cytosol _____, Dr. S correctly knows that the connection is via _____. Becomes blue - tight junctions Remains clear - desmosomes Remains clear - gap junctions Becomes blue - the strongest type

Answer 33

Remains clear - desmosomes Becomes blue - gap junctions Remains clear - tight junctions Remains clear- the strongest type

Question 34

A correct comparison or contrast of glycolysis and the electron transport chain is that Both occur in the mitochondria Under anaerobic conditions, both can occur Compared to glycolysis, the electron transport chain produces significantly more ATP Only the ETC involves ten enzymatic reactions

Answer 34

Compared to glycolysis, the electron transport chain produces significantly more ATP Only one occurs in the mitochondria Under anaerobic conditions, glycolysis can occur Only glycolysis involves ten enzymatic reactions

Question 35

While doing intense exercising and depleting his available oxygen for his leg muscles, Billy Ireland correctly stated that he is making ATP via The Krebs Cycle Their Cytosols Oxidative phosphorylation The recycling of FADH2

Answer 35

Their Cytosols Glycolysis Substrate level phosphorylation The recycling of NADH

Question 36

For a single glucose, glycolysis makes ___ amount of ATP as Krebs Cycle and does so by ___ method. A different - the same The same - the same A different - a different The same - a different

Answer 36

The same - the same

Question 37

Utilizing Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy , Brutus Buckeye “remembered” that some junctions are created by ___ and thereby specifically allowing ___ movement. Claudins - extracellular Connexins - connexins Cadherins - extracellular Coudherins - intracellular

Answer 37

Cadherins - extracellular Claudins - no extracellular Connexins - extracellular and intracellular

Question 38

Which is a correct statement about the cellular metabolic pathways? Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in both the cytosol and the mitochondria Carbohydrates are the only starting point for energy production Elevated levels of ADP wll downregulate these pathways More ATPs are generated due to substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 38

Substrate level phosphorylation occurs in both the cytosol and the mitochondria Carbohydrates are not the only starting point for energy production Elevated levels of ATP will downregulate these pathways More ATPs are generated due to oxidative phosphorylation

Question 39

Unfortunately, Phys Phab Abby is not feeling well. Her well-meaning roommate suggests drinking lots of carrot juice (an excellent Vitamin A source). Abby correctly responds by saying that Vitamin A is a free radical She needs to drink less water She needs to be avoiding antioxidants That juice will shorten her illness

Answer 39

She needs to be avoiding antioxidants Vitamin A is an antioxidant/electron donor She needs to more water That juice will prolong her illness

Question 40

While eating a sweet, juicy apple you correctly note that Each glucose will be broken down in your largest fluid department Each glucose will cause ATPs to be created by three different methods Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 40

Each glucose will be broken down in your largest fluid department Each glucose will cause ATPs to be created by two different methods

Question 41

After viewing a typical plasma membrane under a microscope, Libby Thompson made the observation that The two layers of tails are situated between hydrophilic heads Nearly all the peripheral proteins and the glycocalyx were on opposite sides of the membrane Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 41

Both statements are correct The two layers of tails are situated between hydrophilic heads Nearly all the peripheral proteins and the glycocalyx were on opposite sides of the membrane

Question 42

Your Phellow Phys classmate Carmen observed two young children in a sandbox when one took a toy away from the other. When considering that toy to be an electron, Carmen correctly stated that The child who took the toy was an antioxidant The toy taker was created by glycolysis Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 42

Neither statement is correct The child who took the toy was a oxidant The toy taker was not created by glycolysis

Question 43

Dr. Grays Patient Y has ingested a toxin that has eliminated all free carbohydrates. Consequently, Dr. Gray correctly expects Patient Y’s test results to show that Glycolysis is not occurring Substrate level phosphorylation is occurring Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 43

Both statements are correct Glycolysis is not occurring Substrate level phosphorylation is occurring

Question 44

Which is a correct statement about the cholesterol in the plasma membrane? It makes crossing easier It makes bending more difficult Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 44

It makes bending more difficult It makes crossing more difficult

Question 45

Which is a correct statement about glycolysis? It only occurs in the cytosol It can recycle electron carriers Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 45

Both statements are correct It only occurs in the cytosol It can recycle electron carriers

Question 46

A beaker with 2 L water, 3 mol AlCl3, 2 mol NaOH and 1 mol NADH has an osmolarity of _ osm. A. 3 B. 17 C. 6 D. 8.5

Answer 46

8.5

Question 47

Dr. Scarlet’s patient X was thirsty and drank seawater (i.e., very salty water). Dr. S. quickly realized that the increased level of salts in Patient X’s smallest fluid compartment would make it ___ to the surrounding cells and cause water to ___ those cells. A. Hypertonic – enter B. Hypertonic – exit C. Hypotonic – enter D. Hypotonic – exit

Answer 47

Hypertonic – exit

Question 47

Which is a correct statement about active transport? A. When done via a glucose transporter (GLUT), the glucose will enter the cell. B. Two ions can be moved against their gradients with a primary active transporter C. Secondary active transport is directly dependent on ATP D. The transportee(s) never bind to the transporter

Answer 47

Two ions can be moved against their gradients with a primary active transporter Secondary active transport is indirectly dependent on ATP The transportee(s) always bind to the transporter

Question 48

Via carrier-mediated transport, compounds can move __ their gradient and __. A. With – cost energy B. Against – cost energy C. With – have no energy cost D. All three of those statements are correct about carrier-mediated transport

Answer 48

All three of those statements are correct about carrier-mediated transport With – cost energy Against – cost energy With – have no energy cost

Question 49

Some immune cells engulf cells (i.e., bring within them) that need to be destroyed. This process occurs via __ and will result in the immune cell becoming __. A. Endocytosis – smaller B. Exocytosis – smaller C. Endocytosis – larger D. Exocytosis – larger

Answer 49

Endocytosis – smaller

Question 50

Which is a correct statement about the sodium-potassium-ATPase pump? A. It moves two sodiums at a time. B. It is a cotransporter. C. It starts open to the mid-sized fluid compartment. D. It impacts the charge distribution.

Answer 50

It impacts the charge distribution. It moves three sodiums at a time. It is a countertransporter. It starts open to the largest fluid compartment.

Question 51

During Chem Lab, Libby Thompson add 4 mol KCl and 2 mol glucose to 0.5 L water thereby creating a solution with a osmolarity of __ osm. A. 12 B. 2 C. 10 D. 20

Answer 51

20

Question 52

In the Party Room, Phys Phab Abby allows a student to utilize the Magic Shrink ray on the “ion” size setting. The student observes a protein that gets bound by a ligand after which chloride ions start entering the cell through the protein. The student correctly states that this protein. A. Is a ligand-gated transporter. B. Will not have sodium move through it. C. Might be both integral and transmembrane. D. Had the ligand provide the energy for the chloride movement to occur.

Answer 52

Will not have sodium move through it Is a ligand-gated channel. Must be both integral and transmembrane.

Question 53

Which is a correct statement about diffusion? A. It can occur via channels or transporters. B. Its rate is indirectly related to surface area. C. It limits the travel distance for endocrines. D. It is not what causes water to exit/enter cells.

Answer 53

It can occur via channels or transporters. Its rate is directly related to surface area. It limits the travel distance for paracrines It is what causes water to exit/enter cells.

Question 54

Billy Ireland draws a compound moving across a membrane with its gradient and no proteins involved. Billy can correctly label this compound as A. Carbon dioxide B. Small and hydrophobic C. Both statements are correct D. Neither statement is correct

Answer 54

Both statements are correct Carbon dioxide Small and hydrophobic

Question 55

While in an isotonic solution, Cell A is placed in a solid, mesh sphere that matches Cell A’s current size. Cell A than has 5 mol NaCl added to its cytosol. Which is a correct statement about what will now occur to Cell A? A. Water will exit Cell A. B. An osmotic pressure will develop. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 55

An osmotic pressure will develop. Water will enter Cell A.

Question 56

Dr. Gray’s Patient Y ingested a toxin that eliminated all sodium-potassium-ATPase pimps from their digestive epithelial cells. Consequently, Dr. G. correctly realizes that these cells will A. Have reduced glucose levels. B. Have reduced potassium levels. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 56

Both statements are correct. Have reduced glucose levels. Have reduced potassium levels.

Question 57

Phellow Phys student Carmen dreams about being a cation and crossing a plasma membrane. Which is a correct scenario for Carmen? A. Moving by facilitated diffusion, thus with the gradient and through a channel. B. Having the rate of the diffusion increase when the cation’s gradient is decreased. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 57

Neither statement is correct. Moving by facilitated diffusion thus with the gradient and through a transporter. Having the rate of the diffusion increase when the cation’s gradient is increased.

Question 58

Which is a correct statement about the Glucose Transporter (GLUT)? A. It is initially open to the cytosol. B. It is found in only epithelial cells. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 58

Neither statement is correct. It is initially open to the interstitial fluid. It is found in most/all cells

Question 59

Which is a correct statement about diffusion? A. If the [X] is greater in Area A than in Area B, X will sometimes move to area B B. In physiology, diffusion will be stopped by a 0 Kelvin temperature C. Permeability and distance both have direct relationships with diffusion D. All three statements are correct

Answer 59

If the [X] is greater in Area A than in Area B, X will sometimes move to Area B Permeability has a direct relationship with the rate of diffusion

Question 60

Which is a correct statement about myelin? It covers the dendrites in the brain or spinal cord. It is created by extensions of the axon's plasma membrane. The spaces within each myelinated section are called nodes of Ranvier. An oligodendrocyte creates more myelinated sections than a Schwann cell.

Answer 60

An oligodendrocyte creates more myelinated sections than a Schwann cell. It does not cover the dendrites in the brain or spinal cord It is created by connective cells The spaces between each myelinated section are called nodes of Ranvier.

Question 61

The two types of synapses differ in __ with the __ one being the most common type utilized. A. Speed – slower B. Speed – two-way C. Directionally – one-way D. Directionally – two-way

Answer 61

Speed – slower Directionally – one-way

Question 62

While working in the Party Room, Phys Phab Basemah asked a question of the seven students present. If she is the “receptor” for the answer, then, when four of them simultaneously answer the question, they can be an example of A. Divergence. B. Antagocytes. C. Agocytes, D. Presynaptic neurons.

Answer 62

Presynaptic neurons. Competitor Convergence

Question 63

Dr. Gray’s Patient Y presents with a very painful leg wound. Patient Y’s natural pain suppression pathway is not being sufficiently activated. Consequently, for this pathway, Dr. G. should prescribe an ___ that has a higher ___ than the ligand not being sufficiently produced for this pain suppression pathway. A. Agonist – specificity B. Antagonist – Specificity C. Agonist – affinity D. Antagonist – affinity

Answer 63

Agonist – affinity

Question 64

Your classmate Carmen has been prescribed a medication that immediately increases their cell's permeability for sodium. Consequently, Carmen correctly realized that this medication A. Is hydrophobic. B. Binds to intracellular receptors. C. Requires a plasma binding protein. D. Is most likely an agonist.

Answer 64

Is most likely an agonist. Is hydrophilic. Binds to membrane bound receptors. Does not require a plasma binding protein

Question 65

Phys Phab Lilly utilizes the Magic Shrink Ray set to “ion” size setting to watch Cell A release a signal that enters nearby Cell B. She correctly realizes that this signal A. Is most likely a neurotransmitter. B. Will sometimes alter the activity of the DNA. C. Is hydrophilic. D. Will not bind to an enzyme.

Answer 65

Will not bind to an enzyme. Is most likely a paracrine Will always alter the activity of the DNA. Is lipophilic

Question 66

To increase the communication pathway for a lipophilic ligand, the system could A. Have a polar agonist added. B. Anabolize its intracellular receptors. C. Exocytose more of its receptors. D. Decrease the amount of plasma binding proteins.

Answer 66

Anabolize its intracellular receptors. Have a nonpolar agonist added. Increase the amount of plasma binding proteins.

Question 67

For a typical neuron, its most numerous form of receptor is associated with its __ and are __ receptors. A. Dendrites – intracellular B. Projectors – membrane- bound C. Dendrites – membrane-bound D. Projectors – intracellular

Answer 67

Dendrites – membrane-bound Processes - membrane bound

Question 68

In a neurology lab, Libby Thompson viewed under a microscope two neurons with distinctly different appearances. Which is a correct statement that Libby then made about these two neurons? A. Only one has an axon extending from the cell body. B. One might be an afferent neuron. C. Both utilize dendrites to gather information. D. Both must have at least one part of it within the central nervous system.

Answer 68

Both must have at least one part of it within the central nervous system. Both have an axon extending from the cell body. One must be an afferent neuron. Only one utilizes dendrites to gather information.

Question 69

Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X has larger than typical sections of unmyelinated axons in their legs, Consequently, Dr. S. needs to focus testing on A. Oligodendrocytes. B. Reduced exposure to the mid-sized fluid compartment. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 69

Neither statement is correct. Schwanns cells Increased exposure to the mid-sized fluid compartment.

Question 70

To demonstrate adjusting signal transduction, Billy Ireland wants to utilize drawing vesicle. Which is a correct statement about the actions of a vesicle? A. Increasing signal transduction could involve exocytosing the vesicles. B. Adjustments to signal transduction will sometimes involve ligands being within vesicles. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 70

Increasing signal transduction could involve exocytosing the vesicles. Adjustments to signal transduction will never involve ligands being within vesicles.

Question 71

The drug memantine acts as an antagonist for serotonin (important neurotransmitter) and is used as an Alzheimer’s treatment. A correct statement about this drug is that it A. Must block the effects of serotonin. B. Has a high affinity for the serotonin receptors. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 71

Both statements are correct. Must block the effects of serotonin. Has a high affinity for the serotonin receptors.

Question 72

Brutus Buckeye stood with dozens of other fans outside a local store that was going to have hugely discounted Natty merchandise. When the store opened, all the fans entered at once. Brutus correctly realized that this situation could be thought of as an analogy to A. Divergence of messages. B. A chemical synapse. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 72

Neither statement is correct Convergence of messages. A bidirectional synapse.

Question 73

Phys Phab Sydney asked the students in the Party Room to determine tests what the polarity of a ligand is. Which test did she let them know would be able to correctly make a stated determination? A. If the ligand is an endocrine, then it will require a plasma binding protein and be nonpolar. B. If its receptors can be endocytosed, then the ligand must be lipophilic. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 73

Neither statement is correct. If its receptors can be endocytosed, then the ligand must be lipophobic.

Question 74

When Cell 1 and Cell 2 are placed at a distance X from each other, Cell 2 decreases its proportion of ATP made via substrate level phosphorylation. Which is a correct statement about this scenario? A. Plasma binding proteins will not be required. B. Cell 2 might be a postsynaptic cell. C. Both statements are correct. D. Neither statement is correct.

Answer 74

Cell 2 might be postsynaptic. Plasma-binding proteins might be required.

Question 75

When a typical cell at rest has an anion enter it via a voltage-gated channel, the cell will ___. When a typical cell at rest has a cation exit via a ligand-gated channel, the cell will ___. Hyperpolarize - depolarize Hyperpolarize - hyperpolarize Depolarize - depolarize Depolarize - hyperpolarize

Answer 75

Hyperpolarize - hyperpolarize

Question 76

Phellow Phys student Carmen generated a correct list of requirements for depolarization to occur in a postsynaptic neuron. Which is a correct statement from that list? ATP will be used by only the postsynaptic but not the presynaptic Cholesterol might be present in the presynaptic Calcium must be readily available in the postsynaptic’s cytosol The postsynaptic must have membrane-bound receptors available for the neurotransmitter

Answer 76

The postsynaptic must have membrane-bound receptors available for the neurotransmitter ATP will be used by both the postsynaptic and the presynaptic Cholesterol must be present in the presynaptic Calcium must be readily available in the nearby interstitial fluid

Question 77

Brutus Buckeye is presented with a four neuron system. Cells A and B synapse on Cell C which synapses on Cell D. Both Cells A and C cause large hyperpolarizations. Cell B causes a small depolarization. Consequently, when Brutus Buckeye simultaneously causes action potentials in Cells A and B, The correct expected observation will be The Vm of cell D to become more negative Cell C being hyperpolarized Temporal summation Cell B’s resting potential is changed

Answer 77

Cell C being hyperpolarized Spatial summation Cell B’s resting potential is unchanged The Vm of cell D to stay the same

Question 78

Dr. Gray’s Patient Y recently experienced a strong blow to the back of their head. They are now presenting with difficulty standing and remaining upright. Dr. G suspects that their ___ has been damaged. Midbrain Cerebellum Brainstem Pons

Answer 78

Cerebellum

Question 79

You decide to apply for an undergraduate research opportunity in a lab working on neuron summations. During the interview, you are asked “What would happen if a hyperpolarizing stimulus and a depolarizing stimulus of identical magnitudes simultaneously impact a neuron?” As you just covered this topic, you are able to correctly tell the interviewer that this neuron will Be closer to its threshold potential Remain at resting potential Likely become depolarized Be experiencing temporal summation

Answer 79

Remain at resting potential Likely not become depolarized Be experiencing spatial summation Be no closer to its threshold potential

Question 80

Which is a correct statement associated with the ion gradients in a typical, resting neuron? An influx of sodium will result in a depolarization When having an action potential, the actions of potassium are and example of negative feedforward The actions of SGLT pumps have set them up An outflux of potassium could initiate a positive feedback process in this neuron

Answer 80

An influx of sodium will result in a depolarization When having an action potential, the actions of potassium are and example of negative feedback The actions of Na+/K+-ATPase pumps have set them up An influx of potassium could initiate a positive feedback process in this neuron

Question 81

Which is a correct statement about action potentials? Their unidirectionality can be due to hyperpolarization As distance increases, bigger ones of them are required to occur The size of a graded potential that is a threshold potential directly impacts the amount of sodium entry Due to their differing traits, they are not graded potentials

Answer 81

Their unidirectionality can be due to hyperpolarization As distance increases, more of them are required to occur The size of a graded potential that is a threshold potential does not impact the amount of sodium entry

Question 82

The new roller coaster “Action Potential” is ready to give riders a charge at local fairs this summer. As expected, its shape mimics the graph of an action potential. Consequently, you correctly state that The coaster’s height from the ground is analogous to the cell’s graded potential The coaster does not have a subterranean component At its peak, it will be like shifting from depolarization to hyperpolarization The coaster ends after a total of two upward and one downward movements

Answer 82

The coaster ends after a total of two upward and one downward movements The coaster’s height from the ground is analogous to the membrane potential The coaster does have a subterranean component At it’s peak, it will be like shifting from depolarization to repolarization

Question 83

Which is a correct statement about graded potentials? They are not measured as the voltage across the membrane They are the potential that makes all other potentials possible Almost all cells can have them They are always caused by the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

Answer 83

They are not measured as the voltage across the membrane They are not the potential that makes all other potentials possible All cells can have them They might be caused by the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels

Question 84

Phys Phab Kendal sets the magic shrink ray to “cell” size and views a postsynaptic neuron Experiencing an action potential due solely to an EPSP It returning to it’s resting potential due solely to the actions of a hyperpolarization Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 84

Experiencing an action potential due solely to an EPSP It returning to it’s resting potential due solely to the actions of a repolarization

Question 85

Which is a correct analogy for saltatory conduction A tree frog jumping from lily pad to lily pad A burrowing owl flying in the sky from one tunnel entrance to another Both analogies are correct Neither analogy is correct

Answer 85

Neither analogy is correct A tree frog swimming under the water from lily pad to lily pad A burrowing owl moving through one tunnel entrance to another

Question 86

In a laboratory course, Libby Thompson was shown that Neuron 1 communicating with Neuron 2 via the most typical synapse form. An action potential was then observed in Neuron 1 but not Neuron 2. Libby was able to correctly propose that this observation was due to Neuron 2 having an agonist present Generation of insufficient spatial summation Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 86

Neither statement is correct Neuron 2 has an antagonist present Generation of insufficient temporal summation

Question 87

Dr. Scarlet’s patient X has a sudden shrinkage of their myelin coverage by 25% of every section. Consequently, Dr. S correctly expects that The graded potentials first entering a node of Ranvier will now be larger The amplitudes in the nodes will not be changed The number of nodes of Ranvier will not be changed All three statements are correct

Answer 87

All three statements are correct The graded potentials first entering a node of Ranvier will now be larger The amplitudes in the nodes will not be changed The number of nodes of Ranvier will not be changed

Question 88

Billy Ireland depicts a neuron where the voltage-gated sodium channels have no sodium flow even when open. He correctly shows that this neuron will subsequently Have it’s voltage gated potassium channels still be able to open Have graded and action potentials occurring Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 88

Have it’s voltage-gated potassium channels still be able to open Have graded but not action potentials occurring

Question 89

Leukodystrophy is a genetic disorder resulting in the atypical development of myelin, mainly in the CNS. Consequently, you correctly know that this disorder will Impact oligodendrocytes more than Schwann’s cells Does not alter the structure of any neuron Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 89

Both statements are correct Impact oligodendrocytes more than Schwann’s cells Does not alter the structure of any neuron

Question 90

Our ___ receptor design utilizes two cells and has the benefit of ____. Second - speed Second - precision First - speed First - precision

Answer 90

Second - precision

Question 91

During a lecture, Phellow Phys student Carmen’s neighbor unexpectedly dropped their metal water bottle. The sudden, loud noise startled Carmen. While recovering from this incident and returning to focusing on the lecture, Carmen correctly realized that Their thalamus played a role in both the afferent and efferent pathways when startled Their cardiac output is now increasing Handing the water bottle back to their neighbor was accomplished by their autonomic nervous system The initial sensory stimulus likely initiated a larger than typical action potential

Answer 91

Their thalamus played a role in both the afferent and efferent pathways when startled Their cardiac output is now decreasing Handing the water bottle back to their neighbor was accomplished by their somatic nervous system The initial sensory stimulus likely initiated a larger than typical graded potential

Question 92

While sitting on the Oval on a sunny afternoon, Phys Phab Aashi encountered a situation that caused her pupils to dilate. Which nervous system was directly responsible for this response? Parasympathetic Somatic Efferent Central

Answer 92

Efferent Peripheral Sympathetic Autonomic

Question 93

Which is a correct statement about a receptive field It applies to efferent and afferent neurons Larger ones do not improve localization or sensitivity When overlapping, sensitivity is increased It is composed of dendrites

Answer 93

Larger ones do not improve localization or sensitivity It applies to only afferent neurons When overlapping, location is increased It is not composed of dendrites

Question 94

The ___ nervous system is a component of the ___ nervous system. Sympathetic - peripheral Sympathetic - effectors Efferent - parasympathetic Somatic - afferent

Answer 94

Sympathetic - peripheral Sympathetic - autonomic Somatic - efferent

Question 95

The adrenal medulla is ___ neurons that release signals into the ____ fluid compartment Postganglionic - mid-sized Preganglionic - mid-sized Postganglionic - smallest Preganglionic - smallest

Answer 95

Postganglionic - smallest

Question 96

The ___ neurons release only one neurotransmitter and their ganglia are closest to the ____. Parasympathetic - effectors Sympathetic - effectors Parasympathetic - spine Sympathetic - spine

Answer 96

Parasympathetic - effectors

Question 97

While listening to student’s discuss tradeoffs in the Party Room, Phys Phab Carmella correctly correctly affirmed a student’s statement that for receptor types, ____ seen with our synapses, our ___ type is the least commonly used Like - faster Like - slower Unlike - faster Unlike - slower

Answer 97

Like - faster

Question 98

Nerve blockers are utilized during many procedures to prevent the patient from feeling pain while still being able to move the area. Therefore, this form of anesthetic targets the axons associated with the ____ side of the spinal cord and a part of the ____ nervous system. Ventral - efferent Dorsal - efferent Ventral - afferent Dorsal - afferent

Answer 98

Dorsal - afferent

Question 99

In their laboratory course, Libby Thompson is testing a spider toxin that prevents the exocytosis of norepinephrine, Libby correctly realizes that a victim of this toxin will have Some of their preganglionic neuron’s actions diminished Difficulty getting their bronchioles to contract Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 99

Neither statement is correct None of their preganglionic neuron’s actions are diminished Difficulty getting their bronchioles to relax

Question 100

Dr. Scarlet’s Patient X has ingested a toxin that prevents smooth muscle from contracting. Consequently, when Patient X’s sympathetic nervous system is active, Dr. S correctly expects their Cardiac output will be increased Digestion will already be stopped Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 100

Both statements are correct Cardiac output will be increased Digestion will already be stopped

Question 101

Billy Ireland is working on a pictorial history book about the brain with the chapters being arranged from oldest to newest developments. Which is the correct potential chapter sequence? Brainstem - cerebellum - hypothalamus Forebrain - thalamus - cerebrum Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 101

Brainstem - cerebellum - hypothalamus

Question 102

For most people, Stevia will cause them to sense sweetness without glucose being present. This statement is correct because Stevia Is an antagonist for the glucose chemoreceptors Causes a new modality to be present Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 102

Neither statement is correct Is an agonist for the glucose chemoreceptors

Question 103

The mouth and lips of many grazing animals are utilized to manipulate and explore objects. Consequently, if you got a turn in the Magic Shrink Ray (set to “protein” size), you would correctly expect to observe that the receptors in the mouth and lips of these animals would have Small receptive fields No overlap of receptive fields Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 103

Small receptive fields Overlapping receptive fields

Question 104

Dr. Gray’s Patient Y is pregnant and is experiencing brain shrinkage that mainly impacts areas of voluntary behavior. Consequently, in further testing, Dr. G expects to see A decrease in the size of her cerebellar cortex Decreased nuclei size Both statements are correct Neither statement is correct

Answer 104

Decreased nuclei size Decrease in the size of her cerebral cortex