Week 7

Question 1

brain stem

Answer 1

controls most vital pieces

Question 2

what are the three parts of the brain stem?

Answer 2

medulla, pons, midbrain

Question 3

what are the functions of the brain stem?

Answer 3

respiration, circulation and digestion (swallowing)

Question 4

cerebellum

Answer 4

controls movement, balance and coordination and muscle tone

Question 5

diencephalon

Answer 5

thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 6

thalamus

Answer 6

major relay station, crude level of motor control and sensation

Question 7

hypothalamus

Answer 7

homeostatic regulation, links nervous and endocrine systems

Question 8

cerebrum

Answer 8

made up of basal nuclei and cerebral cortex

Question 9

what part of the brain makes up 80% if the weight?

Answer 9

cerebrum

Question 10

what are the parts of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 10

matters (grey and white), corpus callosum, and ventricles

Question 11

what makes up grey matter?

Answer 11

clusters of cell bodies, mainly on the outside

Question 12

what makes up white matter?

Answer 12

myelinated axons, mainly on the inside

Question 13

what is the corpus callosum?

Answer 13

large bundle of axons that connect the two hemispheres

Question 14

what are the ventricles?

Answer 14

fluid-filled chambers,

Question 15

what is a common cause of headaches?

Answer 15

not enough fluid in the ventricles

Question 16

what are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 16

perception, voluntary movement, language, learning/memory

Question 17

what makes up the forebrain?

Answer 17

cerebrum and diencephalon

Question 18

what protects the spinal cord?

Answer 18

vertebrae + their processes

Question 19

what is the main cause of damage to the spinal cord?

Answer 19

repetitive twisting motions

Question 20

what makes up the spinal cord?

Answer 20

grey (middle) and white matter (inside)

Question 21

what makes up the grey matter of the spinal cord?

Answer 21

interneurons and parts of efferent and afferent neurons

Question 22

what makes up the white matter of the spinal cord?

Answer 22

axons leaving and entering the CNS

Question 23

what does “DAVE” mean

Answer 23

dorsal -> afferent, ventral -> efferent

Question 24

what is the most commonly used neurotransmitter?

Answer 24

acetylcholine (ACh)

Question 25

why is acetylcholine rapidly destroyed by ACh-esterase?

Answer 25

cleaned up quickly to have distinct messages

Question 26

what is acetylcholine typically used for?

Answer 26

messages relating to cognition, behavior, control of glands and organs

Question 27

what are some examples of biogenic amines?

Answer 27

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine

Question 28

what are biogenic amines typically used for?

Answer 28

messages relating to consciousness, mood and endocrine regulation

Question 29

are amino acids used as neurotransmitters?

Answer 29

yes

Question 30

what are neuropeptides?

Answer 30

2+ amino acids linked together

Question 31

what can neuropeptides act as?

Answer 31

neurotransmitters, paracrines and endocrines

Question 32

what are the two parts of the efferent nervous system?

Answer 32

autonomic and somatic

Question 33

what do the autonomic and somatic nervous systems have in common?

Answer 33

both send signals from CNS to effectors

Question 34

how many neurons does it take to reach the effector in the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 34

2

Question 35

how many neurons does it take to reach the effector in the somatic nervous system?

Answer 35

1

Question 36

what does the autonomic NS innervate?

Answer 36

skeletal muscles (voluntary)

Question 37

what does the somatic nervous system innervate?

Answer 37

smooth and cardiac muscle, glands and digestive tract

Question 38

what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 38

regulate automatic or visceral acts, CNS to effectors

Question 39

what are the two systems of the autonomic NS?

Answer 39

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 40

what are clusters of the 2nd cell bodies?

Answer 40

ganglia

Question 41

preganglionic

Answer 41

cell body in the CNS

Question 42

postganglionic

Answer 42

after the ganglia

Question 43

what system controls "fight or flight?"

Answer 43

sympathetic

Question 44

what system controls "rest or regroup?"

Answer 44

parasympathetic

Question 45

which system typically moves us away from set point?

Answer 45

sympathetic

Question 46

which system typically moves us towards from set point?

Answer 46

parasympathetic

Question 47

where are the sympathetic ganglia?

Answer 47

near the spine, preganglionic neuron is shorter

Question 48

where are the parasympathetic ganglia?

Answer 48

closer to the effectors, preganglionic is longer

Question 49

preganglionic neurotransmitters (symp and parasymp)

Answer 49

acetylcholine

Question 50

postganglionic neurotransmitters in sympathetic

Answer 50

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 51

postganglionic neurotransmitters in parasympathetic

Answer 51

acetylcholine

Question 52

what is the special case in the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 52

adrenal medulla

Question 53

where is the adrenal medulla

Answer 53

inner part of the adrenal gland

Question 54

what is special about the adrenal medulla?

Answer 54

postganglionic neurons release endocrines into the plasma (adrenaline)

Question 55

what is adrenaline? what is noradrenaline?

Answer 55

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Question 56

what is the effect of adrenaline?

Answer 56

widespread and longer lasting message, important in life or death situations

Question 57

what does the sympathetic nervous system do to pupils?

Answer 57

dilate them

Question 58

what does the sympathetic nervous system do to cardiac output?

Answer 58

increase HR

Question 59

what does the sympathetic nervous system do to bronchioles?

Answer 59

relax the surrounding muscles, increases diameter to take in more oxygen

Question 60

what does the sympathetic nervous system do to digestive activity?

Answer 60

decrease, saving energy

Question 61

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do to pupils?

Answer 61

contract them

Question 62

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do to cardiac output?

Answer 62

decrease HR

Question 63

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do to bronchioles?

Answer 63

contract muscles, decreasing diameter

Question 64

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do to digestive activity?

Answer 64

increase it

Question 65

sensory nervous system

Answer 65

detect and relay info to the CNS

Question 66

stimulus

Answer 66

detectable change

Question 67

modalities

Answer 67

heat, light, pressure, chemicals

Question 68

photoreceptors

Answer 68

light

Question 69

mechanoreceptors

Answer 69

pressure, stretch

Question 70

thermoreceptors

Answer 70

heat, cold

Question 71

osmoreceptors

Answer 71

concentration of solutes in ECF

Question 72

chemoreceptors

Answer 72

concentration of a solute

Question 73

noiceceptors

Answer 73

tissue damage (pain)

Question 74

1st receptor design

Answer 74

afferent nerve receiving signals (faster)

Question 75

2nd receptor design

Answer 75

receptor cells sends message to afferent nerve (more common)

Question 76

what is the benefit of the 2nd receptor design?

Answer 76

cell devoted to detecting. stimulus is more precise in collecting information

Question 77

sensory transduction

Answer 77

key info coded for CNS, intensity/location

Question 78

what are the key parts of location coding?

Answer 78

type of receptor, receptive field and lateral inhibition

Question 79

what is lateral inhibition?

Answer 79

sharpen contrast by inhibiting neighboring signals

Question 80

what is the receptive field?

Answer 80

area covered by axon terminal, sometimes overlapping