Week 5

Question 1

ligands

Answer 1

messengers/signal

Question 2

receptor

Answer 2

what ligands bind to

Question 3

specificity

Answer 3

is the receptor activated or not?

Question 4

affinity

Answer 4

how well does the ligand bind to the receptor?

Question 5

saturation

Answer 5

% of receptors that are bound to ligands

Question 6

agonist

Answer 6

binds to receptor and causes a shape change/response

Question 7

antagonist

Answer 7

binds to receptor but does not cause a response

Question 8

location of nonpolar receptors

Answer 8

cytosol or nucleus

Question 9

location of polar receptors

Answer 9

integral protein/membrane bound

Question 10

what type of nonpolar ligand has issues traveling through the polar interstitial fluid?

Answer 10

endocrines

Question 11

how do nonpolar endocrines travel through polar IF?

Answer 11

plasma binding proteins

Question 12

why do the nonpolar endocrines bind to plasma binding proteins?

Answer 12

they are amphipathic, polar areas interact with IF and nonpolar interacts with endocrine

Question 13

what type of response do nonpolar ligands cause?

Answer 13

change in transcription (increase or decrease)

Question 14

do polar ligands have trouble passing through the interstitial fluid?

Answer 14

no, polar and polar

Question 15

can polar ligands enter the cell?

Answer 15

no

Question 16

where are the receptors that polar ligands bind to?

Answer 16

the cell membrane

Question 17

how does the message from polar ligands reach the inside of the cell?

Answer 17

multiple messengers, “relay”

Question 18

what is the most common response from a polar neurotransmitter?

Answer 18

change in charge distribution

Question 19

what are the two possible responses from polar ligands?

Answer 19

change in charge distribution and activation of enzymes

Question 20

what happens when an enzyme is activated?

Answer 20

amplification, the message is passed at a greater rate

Question 21

how does a cell decrease activation?

Answer 21

catabolize ligand before it reaches the cell or catabolize receptor

Question 22

how is a receptor catabolized?

Answer 22

decrease affinity (change shape or charge) or endocytose receptors

Question 23

how is insulin resistance developed?

Answer 23

cell is constantly being told to put GLUTS on the surface by insulin, cells endocytose receptors

Question 24

how does a cell increase activation?

Answer 24

anabolize (intracellular) and exocytose receptors (membrane-bound)

Question 25

what makes up the CNS?

Answer 25

brain and spinal cord

Question 26

what makes up the PNS?

Answer 26

efferent and afferent neurons

Question 27

what are the two main functions of the nervous system?

Answer 27

communication and processing

Question 28

what is the function of a cell body of a neuron?

Answer 28

form neurotransmitter to be sent out and protein production

Question 29

dendrites

Answer 29

receive information, processes from the cell body

Question 30

axon (nerve fiber)

Answer 30

transportation system for neurotransmitters

Question 31

axon terminal

Answer 31

branched end of the axon that releases neurotransmitters

Question 32

myelin

Answer 32

separate cells that wrap their plasma membrane around the axon, insulates and protects

Question 33

what type of myelin cells are found in the PNS?

Answer 33

schwann cells

Question 34

how many schwanns cells per section of myelin?

Answer 34

1

Question 35

what type of myelin cells are found in the CNS?

Answer 35

oligodendrocytes

Question 36

how many neurons per one oligodendrocyte?

Answer 36

multiple, space is limited

Question 37

what are the breaks in myelin on an axon called?

Answer 37

nodes of ranvier

Question 38

what is the function of nodes of ranvier?

Answer 38

give access to the ECF

Question 39

afferent neuron

Answer 39

receptor to CNS

Question 40

what is special about afferent neurons?

Answer 40

no dendrites, 2 axon terminals

Question 41

how do afferent neurons receive and send signals?

Answer 41

using the axon

Question 42

efferent neurons

Answer 42

signals from CNS

Question 43

interneuron

Answer 43

from afferent to efferent neurons, in CNS, defines/makes up CNS

Question 44

what type of neuron is the most abundant?

Answer 44

interneurons

Question 45

what type of neuron is the mid-sized compartment?

Answer 45

efferent

Question 46

what type of neuron is the least abundant?

Answer 46

afferent

Question 47

what are the two synapse types?

Answer 47

electrical and chemical

Question 48

what type of synapse is faster?

Answer 48

electrical

Question 49

what type of synapse is the most abundant?

Answer 49

chemical

Question 50

why are chemical synapses the most abundant?

Answer 50

they are unidirectional

Question 51

what is an example of an electrical synapse?

Answer 51

gap junction

Question 52

what is an example of a chemical synapse?

Answer 52

NT release sites

Question 53

what is a presynaptic neuron?

Answer 53

neuron sending the message

Question 54

what is a postsynaptic neuron?

Answer 54

neuron receiving the message

Question 55

convergence

Answer 55

more presynaptic neurons communicating to less postsynaptic neurons

Question 56

divergence

Answer 56

less presynaptic neurons communicating to more postsynaptic neurons

Question 57

membrane potential

Answer 57

difference in charge across the membrane due to the distribution of charged components

Question 58

what kind of cells have membrane potential?

Answer 58

all of them

Question 59

electrochemical gradient

Answer 59

net gradient (chemical and electrical)