Effects of brain trauma on the brain

Question 1

What is brain trauma?

Answer 1

is any form of physical or chemical damage to the brain

- any form of head injury that impairs the functioning of the brain

Question 2

What is a neurodegenerative disease?

Answer 2

progressive decline in structure and functioning of the brain

Question 3

What is amnesia?

Answer 3

partial or total loss of memory

Question 4

What is dementia?

Answer 4

chronic disorder of mental processes that is caused by brain injury

Question 5

What are the two types of amnesia?

Answer 5

antereograde and retrograde

Question 6

What is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 6

loss of memory of events after the trauma occurs

- AFTER = A

Question 7

What is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 7

loss of memory of events that occurred before the trauma

Question 8

What kind of amnesia relates to the memory lost of events that occur after the event?

Answer 8

antereograde

Question 9

What is the common cause of anterograde amnesia?

Answer 9

damage to the temporal lobe and hippocampus

Question 10

What kind of memories are affected by anterograde amnesia?

Answer 10

cannot form new long term memories

• cannot form or store new explicit memories
• cannot transfer info from STM to LTM

Question 11

What is a cause of anterograde amnesia?

Answer 11

brain injury

Question 12

What happens when the hippocampus is removed?

Answer 12

new long term explicit memories cannot be formed or consolidated

Question 13

What happens when the amygdala is removed?

Answer 13

inability to develop a fear based response
= leads to problems with emotional memories
- cannot recall emotional significance of a memory

Question 14

What happens when the cerebral cortex is removed?

Answer 14

left side is affected = worse recall of verbal things

right side affected = worse recall of visual things

Question 15

What happens when the cerebellum is removed?

Answer 15

causes issues with implicit memories

- procedural and classically conditioned memories are affected

Question 16

What is Alzheimer disease?

Answer 16

• extreme breakdown of brain neurons that causes memory to weaken

Question 17

What are some symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 17

forgetting important events
forgetting names
impaired declarative memory from that day
LOSS OF SHORT TERM MEMORY

Question 18

What is the most common type of dementia (memory loss)?

Answer 18

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 19

What is the causes of Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 19

• age
• genetics
• environmental factors

Question 20

What are two parts of the brain that are affected by Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 20

• neurofibilary tangles

- amyloid plaques

Question 21

What do the neurofibilary tangles do?

Answer 21

found in dead and dying neurons

• bundles of twisted protein
• kill brain cells

Question 22

What do the amyloid plaques do?

Answer 22

• clusters of protein
• destroy the synapses
• on the outside of the cells and disrupt transmission between neurons

Question 23

What happens to the brain when it has Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 23

starts to shrink because neurons die

Question 24

What are the brain regions that are affected by the Alzheimer’s disease?

Answer 24

• loss of cells in the hippocampus

- brain shrinks

Question 25

What happened to H.M?

Answer 25

had brain surgery to stop seizures but it damaged his hippocampus

Question 26

What was the result of H.M’s surgery?

Answer 26

could no longer form new explicit memories

- could form new implicit memories like procedural and classically conditioned responses