EFRW - Driving Flashcards
(12 cards)
Denton (1980) argued that when driving, people often underestimate their speed due to something called ________ _______ __________, where over _____ we ___ _____ to our speed. This may lead to ____________. Denton’s goal was to design _________ flow which would make people ________ of their speed.
Rectilinear speed adaptation - over time we get used to our speed, dont feel as fast as we are going, so underestimate it.
This may lead to accidents
Denton’s idea was to design a visual flow which made people more aware of their speed
What did Denton use to make people aware of their speed? How did it work?
Transverse lines across the road - lead to increased optic flow, giving illusion of going faster
What were the 3 parts to Denton (1980’s) study?
Driving simulator to test patterns
Field test in an area known for accidents - prior to a roundabout
Trialling at real road locations
What task did Denton (1980) give to participants to asess speed judgement?
What conditions were there?
Asked participants to drive on one trial.
And on the next trial asked to drive at half that speed.
Then compared between control (no lines) and spaced lines of differing frequency - closer/further together
What was the outcome of the lines in the simulator, vs the field?
In simulator lines led to a reduction in speed - estimates were closer to half of speed than with no lines
In field, lines led to a reduction in accidents. Presumed that drivers reduced speed due to inc optic flow of lines - assumption based on simulator study
After successful simulation and field tests, how many sites across the UK were the lines introduced at, and what was the outcome?
introduced lines at 37 high crash areas across UK
reduced accidents at 29/37 of these areas - significant decrease.
Whilst initially, lines worked to reduce speed through ___________ processes by inducing _____ _______, they now also work to reduce speed through ___________ processes, acting as a ________ to lower ones speed. They are now seen all across the UK and other countries in _________ and in the ____.
Initially - lines reduced speed through perceptual processes - inducing optic flow
Now can slow down via learning processes - signal to slow down.
More common across the UK, but also in Europe and in US
Hamill (2008) presented the illusion of ____ speedbumps in _____________, USA (also present in the UK). They are ________ than real speedbumps and give no threat to _______________ vehicles
3D speedbumps pin Philadelphia USA
Cheaper than real speedbumps
And give no threat to emergency vehicles
Another 3D illusion is the use of __________ __________ painted to give the llusion of a ________ surface. Siebert et al (2022) investigated these in __________, finding that they make pedestrians feel much _______ and drivers also believe this.
3D Zebra crossings - illusion of elevated surface
Siebert et al 2022 investigated public response in Myanmar.
Rated as safer by drivers and pedestrians prefer to use
Name the 3 main types of 3D illusions - give examples.
3D Speedbumps, US and UK
3D crosswalks/zebra, Myanmar and India
3D painted girl/animal, Canada
What are the 4 main limitations of 3D illusions in reducing speed and increasing safety of driving?
Less research conducted into their effectiveness IRL
May only work once, if drivers know the trick
May cause hazardous driving at real speed bumps - will drivers take the chance
May be quite confusing, such as to the elderly - raised surface/object
Research into illusions in driving show how ____________ drivers are to makking a ___________ on how to _____ based on brief visual _________. Charlton et al (2007) identified some road designs give illusions _______________, causing drivers to miss a ________. Based on all the evidence, drivers vulnerability to illusions should be taken into account when ____________ roads.
Shows how susceptible drivers are to reacting based on brief visual input
Some poorly designed roads give illusion in negative way - trick drivers, into missing a turn
Drivers vulnerability to illusions should be considered when designing roads
