EFRW - Motor actions Flashcards
(22 cards)
What is woods (2013) 3-step model for how illusions may affect actions?
- Illusions Bias perception
- Perception effects attention related to motor planning
- In turn biases our actions and motor performance
What illusion did Wood et al (2013) use to measure the effects of illusion on golf putting?
A Ponzo
B Ebbinghaus
C Judd
D Muller-Lyer
B ebbinghaus
What were Wood et al’s main 2 findings from the putting study?
What does it show?
The Ebbinghaus circle perceived as larger both:
-Increased Quiet eye duration - focus time on ball before putting
-Increased Accuracy - less errors compared to control hole
In some cases illusion can affect action but may be indirect
Ludwig et al 2018 walking speed study is based on what illusion?
Illusion is based on visual flow - when moving lines closer together give illusion of visual flow and higher perceived speed (same as Denton)
What 3 main patterns, and 3 main variations, did Ludwig used to manipulate visual flow
High, Med, and Low freq spaced lines
Either kept lines as constant (control), changed linearly - low to high gradually
Or did step changed - sudden low to high change
Dickson et al (2021) recognises what about man made visual floor patterns?
In nature, less of an illusion - floor pattern indicates elevation/texture, so we use such information
Man made walkways on other hand may have a dissociation of texture and pattern - illusion
Ludwig et al (2018) found that when spatial frequency was constant there was ____ __________ in walking speed between the condiitons, however when frequency changed linearly from ____ to ____, participants adjusted their speed by ___________ __________, which suggested that the ________ line frequency gave the illusion of _______ _________, so participants _______ up.
No change between frequencies when kept constant.
However in high-low linear change particpants started walking faster, as the reduced line frequency gave illusion of slowing down, leading participants to counteract by speeding up
What type of floor patterns particularly give rise to illusions/ make walkers uncomfortable, give a real world example?
High contrast patterns, such as the one at Rossio Square, Lisbon
What were the Qualitative, and Quantitative findings of Dickson et al 2021s floor pattern study?
Qualitative - some participants reported feeling disorientated, having to change direction, negative feelings.
Quantitative - ratings, particularly to Lisbon pattern were not neutral but medium negative
Dickson et al 2021’s study was not the most _______________, and did not directly test the effects of floor pattern on ___________ or ____________, however it does show that some patterns are not fully __________, and this should be taken into account during ______________ _________
Not very systematic - did not directly test floor pattern on emotion/behaviour, however does show that not all floor patterns are neutral
Should be taken into account during architectural design
Which of the two effect of illusion on walking direction papers (Dickson, 2021 v Leonards, 2015) took a more systematic approach?
Leonards, 2015
How many different variations of the same floor pattern did Leonards (2015) test? What were they?
16 - horizontal and vertical bars, and rotations between them
What was the main finding of Leonards et al 2015?
Orientated patterns caused veering from straight path of walking direction
What was the maximum mean difference Leonards reported for veering walking distance?
A 100mm
B 400mm
C 1M
D 4M
B 400mm
What is the main limitation of studies investigating the effect of illusion on walking (direction and speed)?
Whilst the do show effects, effects or quite small in comparison to how this would reflect real world changes, so there is a question into how useful these findings really are - may help at some venues, concerts etc
The effects of illusions on motor judgements are often quite small. In some cases this is less meaningful, such as __________, however in some cases small effects mean lot, such as in ___________
Small effects less useful for walking, however, small effects may mean alot in stepping
What type of illusion on steps makes them appear larger
A Vertical lines on step tread
B Horizontal lines on step tread
C Vertical lines on step rise
D Horizontal lines on step rise
C Vertical lines on step rise
What were the 4 main findings by Elliot et al 2009- what did the horizontal-vertical step illusion lead to in participants whilst stepping?
- Lead to increased toe elevation
- Increased toe clearance
- Toe clearance related to perceived illusion effect
- Illusion effect did decrease with trial
Foster at al (2015) extended Elliot (2009) findings by examining horizontal vertical illusion effect in what group of people? What was the average age?
The elderly, where tripping on step accidents is fairly common
average age of 68
What 4 illusion conditions did Foster et al (2015) examine in his stepping study ?
Illusion on bottom step only
Top step only
Both top and bottom#
No illusion - control
Foster et al 2015 found what in their study?
A Greater toe clearance on steps with the illusion, with no difference in toe clearance on steps without illusion
B Greater effect of illusion on the bottom step than top step
C No change in postural stability, meaning the illusion did not compromise safety
D All of the above
D all of the above
What is one major caveat to illusion effects on toe clearance studies in terms of real world application (Cohen et al, 2009)?
Most stair tripping accidents occur on way down stairs rather than way up (80/20), where this illusion would not come into play, so effects are limited.
