EK B2 Ch4 Circulatory System Flashcards

Question

platelets

Answer 1

* Platelets are cell fragments, not full cells! only fragments of cells are platelets!!! * Lack a nucleus in mammals\*\*\* question passage talking about some protein found in nucleus if carry out etc ask about genetics, question researchers couldnt study this protein and ex associated types of cells so anything involving nucleus couldn't study in platelts because do not have a nucleus * Critical for clotting

Answer 2

• Requires Ca2+, platelets, and a zymogen activation cascade cascade: 1. At site of injury, blood vessel first contracts, reducing blood flow to limit amount of gushing and blood loss 2. Platelets come and stick to wounded region → attract more platelets → forms a temporary clot (so get a cut it bleeds kind of stops bleeding after a while, difference to scab later, initial stopping of gushing blood is thanks to platelets) THEN wound itself and platelets send out molecules signaling to start clotting cascade, one zymogen becomes activatd becomes proteases, then cuts next zymogen and that becomes activated and cuts the next one, whole series of reactions, know end of cascade! 3. Clotting cascade forms more robust fibrous clot 4. Many clotting factors are zymogens that are inactive proteases 5. Zymogen is cut → becomes active protease → cuts and activates the next zymogen **6. Platelet/clotting factors cut prothrombin to thrombin** **7. Thrombin cuts fibrinogen to fibrin** **8. Fibrin is insoluble and precipitates from blood, forming a sticky, fibrous clot** **9. Hemophilia results from defects in clotting factors** 10. All clotting proteases are made in the liver

Answer 3

activated in blood clotting cascade to thrombin, and then thrombin cuts fibrinogen to make fibrin\*

Answer 4

material that makes up scab

Answer 5

- mutation in gene for any of those proteins= end up with hemophilia 10. All clotting proteins/proteases are made in the liver\*

Answer 6

A artery A for away, carry blood away from heart * Arteries carry blood away from heart * Arterioles are smaller arteries

Answer 7

VENULES= smaller veins carry blood towards from heart

Answer 8

• Three main types of blood vessels: arteries, veins, capillaries when blood leaves heart goes to = Arteries → arteriole networks → capillary bed → venules → veins

Answer 9

-walls only one cell thick, walls made of Endothelial cells • Capillaries are the smallest blood vessel (one cell thick)

Answer 10

so then next goes to venules, if clot forms in venules where would it go from there answer would be a vein\*

Answer 11

Three layers in a blood vessel= * Endothelial layer lines the vessel * Smooth muscle layer surrounds endothelial layer * Connective tissue layer surrounds smooth muscle layer * Arteries/arterioles have thicker walls (carry higher pressure blood) blood is under way higher pressure * Veins/venules have thinner walls (carry lower pressure blood) thinner walls, blood moving through them is under lower pressure * Capillary is just endothelial layer- all exchange with tissues takes place at layer of capillaries!!! gasses diffuse, no oxygen and carbon dioxide crossing in and out of arteries or veins for that matter becuase walls are too thick * Gases diffuse through thin capillaries, but cannot pass through thick arteries and veins * Capillaries often have pores, larger molecules and cells can sometimes pass

Answer 12

* Arteries/arterioles have thicker walls (carry higher pressure blood) blood is under way higher pressure * Veins/venules have thinner walls (carry lower pressure blood) thinner walls, blood moving through them is under lower pressure

Answer 13

capillaries can often be leaky, when start to dilate can have larger molecules leaking out into intersitial area, when dilate allows nuetrophils and other cells to escape from capillary and go out into surrounding area to help chomp up debri and bacteria * Gases diffuse through thin capillaries, but cannot pass through thick arteries and veins * Capillaries often have pores, larger molecules and cells can sometimes pass

Answer 14

Vasodilation → increased vessel diameter → reduces blood pressure Vasodilation → more heat exchange with tissue/organ smooth muscle relaxes

Answer 15

smaller vessel diameter, inc blood pressure, smooth muscle contracts= what is responsible for making diameter smaller or larger Vasoconstriction → smaller vessel diameter → increases blood pressure Vasoconstriction → less heat exchange with tissue/organ

Answer 16

* Smooth muscle around blood vessels can contract and relax (mainly arteries/arterioles) * Can regulate blood flow to each tissue as required, underlying mechanism for sympathetic vs parasympathetic smooth muscle lead to artery dilate not focused on digesting lunch don't need as much blood flow to digestive system, so smooth muscles around arteries leading to digestive system will contract and you will get vasoconstriction, way a body prioritizes one function versus another depending on what is going on at the moment, autonomic nervous system controls that parasympathetic vs sympathetic nervous system determines priorities for blood flow

Answer 17

also contribute to heat being exchanged! opening up of vessels lets more heat out, vasoconstriction way of conserving heat! * Controlled by autonomic nervous system * Vasoconstriction → less heat exchange with tissue/organ * Vasodilation → more heat exchange with tissue/organ

Answer 18

* Heart has four chambers * Two atria, left and right, receive blood from tissues * Two ventricles, left and right, pump blood towards tissues * Septa are muscle walls that separate ventricles and atria * Valves between atria and ventricles prevent backflow * Semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic) regulate exit from RV and LV * As blood fills atrium, pressure opens valve, blood flows into ventricle (fluid accumulationg pushes down toward AV valves, downward pressure opens up blood flwo to ventricles) * Ventricle filled with blood--\>pressure prevents PULMONIC/AORTIC valve from opening, those need to stay close when ventricle filling up, want iblood to leave LV and RV with a huge force, blood has to travel a huge distance, so has to be deliberatly forced out and pumped through ventricles, do not want blood drip dripping into ventricle and then dripping into aorta, will not have hte force to make it through the system--\> what this means is semilunar valves are closed until forceful contraction from ventricles, action potentials get all the way to apex and purinkin fibers hte electrical prt of all of this, then those P. fibers cause ventricles to contrat then vencticle systole, THAT FORCES semilunar valves open so blood will go out in forceful way from ventricles what youw ant\*\*\*\* with big action potential energy behind it\* * Efficient pumping allows a higher body temperature and faster metabolism

Answer 19

1. right atrieum, to right ventrical, to pulmonary artery, to the lungs to pick up oxygen /oxygenated, then back through pulmonary veins, left atrium then left ventrical, then out through aorta\* largest artery and other arteries from there

Answer 20

obviously very important to stop backflow of lblood RA and right ventrical= tricupsid valve La and LV= bicupsid valve, also called mitral valve both atrioventricular valves, meaning between atrial and ventrical, close when ventricles are contracting so dont get blood going back up

Answer 21

gap junctions in between cells that make up walls of heart

Answer 22

• Semilunar valves (pulmonic and aortic) regulate exit from RV and LV * pulmonic valve right where blood leaves RV and goes to lungs * aortic valve right where blood leaves LV and goes into aorta and rest of body * pulmonic and pulmonary all means lungs\*

Answer 23

Tricuspid valve is between RA and RV

Answer 24

when blood goes to lungs and back, and when blood goes out to aorta and all the way around the body through vena cava to right side of the heart is systemtic circulation, which is really most of our body

Answer 25

Bicuspid valve (mitral) is between LA and LV

Answer 26

- carries deoxygenated blood, only artery in body that carries deoxygenated blood\*\*\*\* - artery because carrying blood away from the heart, carrying it to the lungs\* that is why it is called the pulmonary ARTERY even though carrying less oxygenated blood--\> goes to lungs--\> more gas exchange occurs, blood gets oxygenated and comes back to the heart\*

Answer 27

carry deoxyganted blood, returning to heart to pick up oxygen again, but pulmonary veins which are bringing blood back to lungs are carrying oxygened blood\* most veins in body are carrying blood already dropped off oxygen and going back to heart, only pulmonary veins are oxygenegated

Answer 28

* Aorta is a major artery, carries blood from LV * Aorta splits into smaller arteries * Veins from lower regions fuse into the inferior vena cava → RA * Veins from upper regions fuse into the superior vena cava → RA * Carotid artery → brain → jugular vein * Subclavian artery → shoulders → subclavian vein * Coronary artery → heart → coronary vein, circles around outside of heart because the muscles making up walls of heart need to be nurished by own supply of oxygenated blood, not nurished by blood pumped by heart\* need own\*\* * Renal artery → kidney → renal vein

Answer 29

Carotid artery → brain → jugular vein

Answer 30

jugular vein, subclavian vein, coronary vein, renal vein

Answer 31

* Veins from lower regions fuse into the inferior vena cava → RA * Veins from upper regions fuse into the superior vena cava → RA both vena cavas are last vessels before heart itself\*

Answer 32

DIFFERENCE= blood not oxygenated at lungs, oxygenated from placenta, getting oxygen from mom's circulatory system coming across the placenta\*\*\* so blood doesn't have to go to lungs to pick up oxygen, so lung tissue during development is light paper consistency, good to have not much blood flow to the fetal lung because tissue is so fragile\*\*\* blood pressure would be the thing that would cause damage to tissue because tissue is so delicate, dont want ot turn a big hose on something not very strong\* main differences in fetal circulation is avoiding too much blood flow to lung\*\*

Answer 33

hole btw aetrea called --\> In fetal heart, foramen ovale is a hole in interatrial septum * Foramen ovale lets blood flow RA → LA MEANS DOESNT GO TO LUNGS if goes straight from RA to LEFT A\*\*\*\* * Foramen ovale diverts blood from nonfunctional lungs * In adults, fossa ovalis is the sealed region that covers the previous foramen ovale * In fetus, ductus arteriosus diverts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta (bypasses lungs) **another diversion,** puts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta, on its way to the lung **and shunted over to aorta again skipping the lungs\*\* and skipping whole left side of heart\*\*** * In fetus, ductus venosus receives blood flow from umbilical vein (bypasses liver)\*\* liver fragile so needs some blood but not a full gush of blood * Fetus gets blood from umbilical vein, gives wastes through umbilical artery umbilical vein how fetus gets its oxygenated blood\*\* what brings the blood right into fetuses blood through placenta and then waste goes out through umbilical artery\* - materials defuse acrosse placenta, maternal blood and fetal blood do not mix together like do not go into one space and mix together, placenta has interphase fetal blood on one side and maternal in anohter, active rtansport/diffusion, from mother's side O2 and nutrients fo from matenral blood to kid, Co2. Umbellical vein comes in and rejoins circulatory system, and then goes out with umbilical artery, goes all around fetuses body fetal heart is just service as a pump role of oxygantatin is just carried out in a completely separate location. All you need to know is blood reeners circulaiton eventualy makes its way to fetal heart

Answer 34

* In fetal heart, foramen ovale is a hole in interatrial septum * Foramen ovale lets blood flow RA → LA * Foramen ovale diverts blood from nonfunctional lungs * In adults, fossa ovalis is the sealed region that covers the previous foramen ovale -but NOT ALL THE blood goes into that whole, so you can go into the RV to get into pulmonary artery, not all hte blood but some

Answer 35

* In fetus, ductus arteriosus diverts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta (bypasses lungs) * In fetus, ductus venosus receives blood flow from umbilical vein (bypasses liver) a detour around the liver, doesn't mean that no blood goes to the liver just less goes to liver\* instead of fill flow of vessels just a tiny little thing fluid able to spread out and lower hte pressure, one alternate route available during fetal development so less blood pressure expereinced by liver becuas eblood tissue is so fragile, still need some flow but little detour to get rid of hte pressure/damage\* * Fetus gets blood from umbilical vein, gives wastes through umbilical artery

Answer 36

AV node, where signal delayed for a second= gives ventricals a chance to fully fill up then signal passes down towards bundle branches, the electrical signal action potental, action potental, other name for bundle branches are bundle of hiss, good to know both terms signal passes all the way down to apex of heart at bottom, comes back up around through Purkinje fibers 4. around ventricles, causes ventricles to contract, gets you ventricular sysole\* the big squeezing

Answer 37

under numbr 2 where you have artrea contracting\* memorize that what you are seeing on ECG is called a P wave\*\*\* little hill mostly yellowish, that is the p wave for atriole systole\* look at number 4 when ventricles are contracting most forceful part of heart cycle, ventricles have to work really really hard out of aorta, spiky part on ECG called QRS complex\*\*\*

Answer 38

inc heart rate, parasympethatic dec heart race

Answer 39

block receptors for norephineron, epinenron and adrenal so heart doesn't beat as fast main thing is central mechanism in terms of heart cycle \*\* so they cause the heart to beat less fast, and that is also going to reduce blood pressure when heart is pounding that causes higher blood pressure, when heart beat less fast to reduce blood pressure, beta blocker anything when heart starts beating really fast ex. propanaol

Answer 40

= total blood pumped by heart per minute FORMULA Cardiac output = HEART RATE (beats per minute)× STROKE VOLUME (ml per beat) think about units, beats per minute X ml per beat gives you ml per minute\*\*\* which are units per cardiac output

Answer 41

* Receptors for adrenaline in heart are β-adrenergic receptors * Beta-blocker drugs decrease heart activity, blood pressure block receptors for norephineron, epinenron both made in adrenal medulla, but its hte nervous signaling, blocks adrenline/ epneonron, norepenine receptors so heart doesn't beat as fast main thing is central mechanism in terms of heart cycle \*\* so they cause the heart to beat less fast, and that is also going to reduce blood pressure when heart is pounding that causes higher blood pressure, when heart beat less fast to reduce blood pressure, beta blocker anything when heart starts beating really fast ex. propanaol

Answer 42

fluid pressure on blood vessel walls, has to do with how much volume is being pushed into the vessel, and also the vascular resistance which would be how wide or narrow the vessel is\*\* so this is the fluid pressure part, so just to kind of flesh out what that means if have inc in cardiac output, heart beating faster or each beat pushing out greater volume of blood, blood pressure goes up If heart slows down, beats slow down, blood pressure goes down hydrostatic pressure means bulk fluid component of blood pressure

Answer 43

* Vasoconstriction → vascular resistance increases (less x-sectional area) and bp increases --\>narrow tube, inc blood pressure * Vasodilation → vascular resistance decreases and bp decreases, opens tube decreases blood pressure

Answer 44

* High salt → increased water retention → increased blood volume and pressure * Low salt → decreased water retention → decreased blood volume and pressure

Answer 45

• Two blood pressure measurements: systole/diastole (normal ~ 120/80) 120- systolic pressure 80-diastolic pressure systolic pressure in arteries when heart is contracting during systole, the maximum pressure because heart contracting is shoving blood out into arteries, when heart is relaxing that is when what you are measuring is diastolic pressure

Answer 46

=High blood pressure • In hypertension, heart has to work harder, can cause heart degeneration problem because overtime causes heart to break down

Answer 47

* Blood pressure is highest in arteries, lower in veins * Blood pressure decreases as blood moves away from heart (can be zero far from heart) AS MOVE AWAY FROM HEART PRESSURE DROPS\* make sense heart beat, ventricles contracting is what pushes blood out of heart, as blood gets further away from that blood pressure goes down\* goes all the way down to capillaries then back to veins, blood pressure really low which is why skeletal muscles getting up and moving around helps keep blood flowing through veins, veins have valves which helps back flow of blood * Because blood pressure is low, veins have valves to prevent back flow against gravity if for some reason lose a lot of blood blood pressure drops, goes into circulatory shock, can also faint if not enough blood flow to brain

Answer 48

* During locomotion, muscles squeeze veins and help peripheral circulation * With no locomotion, blood can pool in veins * Blood plasma forced out through capillaries, can lose significant volume * Low blood flow to brain → fainting * Acute circulation loss → circulatory shock (loss of consciousness, tissue damage, death) * Blood pressure is regulated by vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Answer 49

outward flow, watery part of blood not big cells or proteins, but a lot of plasma flowing out, fluid leaves capillary goes out and baves the tissues, means flows to the tissues so net outward flow of fluid from capillary\* and then there is still an osmotic pressure, meaning still solute in blood still have albumin osmoregularoty proteins they do not leave, but at beginning of capillary hydrostatic pressure out is greater than osmotic pressure that would draw fluid back in hydrostatic prssure OUT \> osmotic presure in Right side of picture flips= after fluid left capillary, osmotic pressure sucks fluid back in all this solute still in blood, inward draw now by osmoatic pressure to bring fluid back in, now osmotic pressure in is greater than hydrostatic pressure out so inward flow of fluid back into capillary\*\*\*\*

Answer 50

summarize= lots of fluid leave capillary at bginning of capillary bed, then gets drawn back in at the end of capillary bed, fluid drawn back in has carbon dioxide and waste, how exchange actually happens\*\*\* ways to screw with this, if dec albumin in blood then have loss of osmotic pressure in blood, DO NOT draw fluid back in as well, meaning the fluid stays out in interstitial area and then you can get swelling, when get really swollen ankles not enough solute in blood if block something can have issues, can play with osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure balance in different ways

Answer 51

only 90% of fluid comes back into capillaries, other 10% gets picked up by lympathic system, only 10% leaves capillary picked up by whole other system but turns out benefit in terms of immune same lympathic system called lacetals and chylomicrons dump everthign into venus circulation by thoraxic ductin shoulder\*\*\*

Answer 52

collects fluid in terms of this 10% of fluid that doesn't get drawn back to capillary, works with immune system -also important for absorbing fats, chylomicrons going back into laceteals, and spleen important for removing old red blood cells

Answer 53

* Interstitial fluid collected by dead-end lymph capillaries * Lymph capillaries merge into larger lymph vessels, larger vessels * Valves in lymph vessels prevent back flow, eventually pour excess fluid through thoracic duct, fluid when in lymphatic system is referred to as lymph (same as interstitial fluid) if extracted a vessel so cannot pick up excess fluid another way to get swelling fluid stuck around capillaries and cannot get picked up\*\* * Lymph vessels enter thoracic duct → subclavian vein → circulation * Obstruction of lymphatic system can result in edema (swelling)

Answer 54

B and T lymphocytes hang out in lymph nodes and do surveillance on lymph that passes by 10% doesn't go back in, smart way of surveilling what is in blood all of that fluid random 10% of sample every time goes through capillary surveilled by immune system goes through this immune system and B and T cells hanging out there great way for body to check what is going on in blood\* and if those lymphocytes spot an infection going on they make lots of copies of themselves causes lymph nodes to swell up when swollen is lymph nodes being called into action\* The 10% of the original total is then analyzed by B and T cells\*

Answer 55

* Consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen * Two main functions: collect fluid and work with immune system * Also critical for absorption of fat (lacteals in small intestine) * Spleen removes old RBCs

Answer 56

* Lymphatic and immune system are intimately linked * Lymphatic system allows immune cells to move, meet, and proliferate * Lymph nodes are pathogen filters and meeting places for immune cells * In lymph nodes, immune cells encounter targets and proliferate * Lymph nodes swollen during a local infection

Answer 57

* Across a capillary bed, there is a net flow of plasma out of capillaries * Hydrostatic pressure drops across the capillary bed, but osmotic pressure is constant * At arteriole-proximal end, hydrostatic pressure OUT \> osmotic pressure IN * Fluid flows out to interstitial space * At venous-proximal end, hydrostatic pressure OUT \< osmotic pressure IN * Fluid flows into capillaries * Volume out exceeds volume in * Net flow plasma fluid (~10%) into interstitial fluid * Lymphatic system recovers plasma fluid and returns it to circulation

Answer 58

• At arteriole-proximal end, hydrostatic pressure OUT \> osmotic pressure IN

Answer 59

• At venous-proximal end, hydrostatic pressure OUT \< osmotic pressure IN

Answer 60

* Blood pressure results from hydrostatic + osmotic pressure * Hydrostatic pressure = fluid pressure on blood vessel walls (cardiac output and vascular resistance) * Increase in cardiac output → blood pressure increases * Decrease in cardiac output → blood pressure decreases

Answer 61

* Vasoconstriction → vascular resistance increases (less x-sectional area) and bp increases * Vasodilation → vascular resistance decreases and bp decreases * Blood pressure regulated by renin → aldosterone secretion * Two blood pressure measurements: systole/diastole (normal ~ 120/80) * Systole = heart contraction * Diastole = heart relaxation * High blood pressure = hypertension * In hypertension, heart has to work harder, can cause heart degeneration

Answer 62

heart contraction

Answer 63

heart relaxation

Answer 64

* Two circuits for blood flow: pulmonary and systemic * Pulmonary circuit is between heart and lungs * Systemic circuit is between heart and rest of body * Blood returns from tissues into the RA * RA pumps blood into RV * RV pumps blood into pulmonary arteries * Pulmonary arteries feed into lung capillary beds, enabling CO2 release and O2 uptake

Answer 65

* Blood enters pulmonary veins * Pulmonary veins return blood to LA * LA pumps blood into LV * LV pumps blood into the aorta and systemic circuit * Aorta splits into several arteries, carrying oxygenated blood (high O2, low CO2) to tissues * Blood returns from tissues into RA (low O2, high CO2) * Pulmonary arteries are only arteries with deoxygenated blood (most O2-depleted in body) * Pulmonary veins are only veins with oxygenated blood (most O2-enriched in body)

Answer 66

* Aorta is a major artery, carries blood from LV * Aorta splits into smaller arteries

Answer 67

Renal artery → kidney → renal vein

Answer 68

Coronary artery → heart → coronary vein

Answer 69

Subclavian artery → shoulders → subclavian vein

Answer 70

* Heart contracts spontaneously via its own electrical signals, gap junctions * Electrical signal is initiated at sinoatrial (SA) node * Signal travels from SA node to atrioventricular (AV) node * Bundles of His, then Purkinje fibers spread conduction through ventricles * Atria contact first * After a delay, ventricles contract * Normal resting heartbeat ~70 bpm * Double “lub-dub” heart sound is from closing valves (atrial, then venticular) * Defects in valves causes heart murmur * Autonomic nervous system can speed or slow contraction * Sympathetic increases heart rate, parasympathetic decreases heart rate * Receptors for adrenaline in heart are β-adrenergic receptors * Beta-blocker drugs decrease heart activity, blood pressure

Answer 71

when talk about circulation talk about excess fluid leaves capillaries and doesnt go back directly into capillaries, but picked up instead by lymphatic system; where volume of fluid comes from in lymph system lke capillariy fluid goes back in, 90% of fluid that goes out from capillary participates in exchange with tissue, 90% comes back into same capillary at far end up 10% doesnt and for some reason if that extra 10% hung around in intersitial outside of cells would have really swollen ankles and wrists, so picked up by capillaries called lymph vessels or lacteals

Answer 72

transport fluid, like intersitial fluid but when inside capillaries referred to as lymph; fluid circulates through those lymph capillaries are lacteals and then it gets poured into veins, meaning regulatory circulatory system through throacic duct in shoulder\* along this journey the lymph passes through lymph nodes, way stations along the way, and in the lymph nodes lots of white blood cells that hang out; immune system next chapter after respiration, idea that white blood cells hang out there and watch what passes by in lymph and this is another way immune system is able to conduct surveiance on what may be in blood, 10% of blood

Answer 73

all this fluid comes out does its job giving oxygen and nutrients to cells, only 90% goes back in, other route 10% has to travel; seems inefficient but REAL BENEFIT because way for immune system to see what is going on, another opportunity for immune system to monitory body for pathogens

Answer 74

regular circulation is closed system, this is scooping up extra stuff and delivering to main system

Answer 75

that is when lymph nodes swell up why swollen lymph nodes, some ppl refer to as swollen glands, is a sign of infection or immune system is very active because some kind of micro present

Answer 76

but lymph system also provide system cancerous cels migrate, so migrate to new locations and re-establish themselves as cancer spread through body, so lymph vessels used as transport system for cancer cells when ppl get evaluated for breast cancer, physician will decide if lymph nodes are positive or negative for breast cancer cells, sign how much cancer has spread and how serious cases, influences what treatment is appropriate start of staging of cancer POINT alternative transport system and cancer can make use of it just like lymph system makes use of it

Answer 77

DO NOT go directly into capillaries, represent digestion of fat, chylomicrons go into lacteals then into regular circulatory system

Answer 78

3 key things it does 1. picking up excess fluid 2. immune surveiance 3.absorption of fats, specifically chylomicrons

Answer 79

* vasoconstrict blood vessels, make arteries narrower * vasopressin= ADH\* other name for ADH\*\*\* for low blood pressure want more adh, want to reasborb more fluid\*\* THINK VOLUME * sodium reabsorption by the kidney, connects to aldosterone, when blood pressure is low, person would secrete ADH and aldosterone, if think abotu what aldosterone would do targets distal tubule and causes sodium to be reasborbed back to blood, water follows sodium, inc blood volume and therefore inc blood pressure\*\*\*\* * so this is all a pathway someone would do if blood pressure was really low * hemorrhaging= losing blood quickly bleeding a lot\*\*\* so that means volume is dec so means losing blood pressure\*\*

Answer 80

* vasodilation is lowering blood presure, if tube gets bigger pressure in tube goes down\* so a is wrong, it would dec inb blood pressure if adminsitered systematically * b. renin kicks off pathway that results in aldosterone, raises blood pressure, so a renin antagonist would do the opposite; if renin sets off whole chain of events that inc blood pressure, renin antagonist leads to low blood pressure, counteract leads to high blood pressure, so net result of counteracting effects of a renin antagonist would be high blood pressure- wrong want low blood pressure * d.more albumin means more solute in blood, now thinking about osmotic side, more solute means more fluid, water wants to be where solute is higher blood volume and therefore higher blood pressure\* so act similarily to an infusin of albumin protein to the bloodstream\* so not what we want * answer= promote heat loss from a region of the skin if applied locally\*

Answer 81

carry blood away from the heart

Answer 82

carries blood towards the heart

Answer 83

pulmonary veins return blood to LA, then LV which pumps blood away from heart through aorta, aorta branches so some blood can go up towards head\* and a lot of the blood goes down towards the rest of your body MOST OXYGENATED flows through body and these arteries will keep branching and branching into smaller vessels until form small branches capillaries wher elose a lot of their oxygen to fluid and cells around them; then blood less oxygenated, depicted as blue in a lot fo diagrams but not blue, these vessels start building into veins!

Answer 84

- once gas exchange occurs, blood oxygenated comes back to the heart\* and it ocmes back to the heart in pulmonary veins, so even though carrying highly oxygnated blood are veins because carrying blood TO THE HEART - then pulmonary veins bring LA-LV-aorta pumps to rest of the body for systemic circulation\*

Answer 85

they have HIGH PRESSURE becuase directly pumped from heart so if you had an accident and accidently cut an artery, becuase of high pressure it would squirt out blood a lot more than cut a vein, usually when get a cut really cutting series of capillaries liek in yoru fingers why blood comes out very slowly

Answer 86

**have low pressure\*** ## Footnote - in arteries blood pumped directly by heart, once goes through capillaries and comes back through veins, sluggishly going back to heart it is not pumped directly from heart - since not high pressure have valves to make sure blood going in one direction\* which makes a lot of sense\*

Answer 87

need less volume why veins are high volume, to appreciate difference blood volume in arteries are only 15% of entire blood volume in body; blood volume in veins are closer to 65% if wondering where the rest of it is, 5% capillaries, 5% in heart, and 10% in lungs\*\* so arteries vessels take blood away from heart and veins are the vessels that take blood towards the heart\*

Answer 88

in cardiac cycle, period of relaxation of the heart muscle accompanied by the filling of the chmabres with blood diastole is followed in the cardiac cycle by contraction or systeole of the heart muscle it is when the muscle relaxes! When the muscle relaxes, the heart chamber fills with blood, and a person's blood pressure decreases\*

Answer 89

The main purpose of the heart is to pump blood through the body; it does so in a repeating sequence called the cardiac cycle. The cardiac cycle is the coordination of the filling and emptying of the heart of blood by electrical signals that cause the heart muscles to contract and relax. The human heart beats over 100,000 times per day. In each cardiac cycle, the heart contracts (systole), pushing out the blood and pumping it through the body; this is followed by a relaxation phase (diastole), where the heart fills with blood, as illustrated in Figure 1. The atria contract at the same time, forcing blood through the atrioventricular valves into the ventricles. Closing of the atrioventricular valves produces a monosyllabic “lup” sound. Following a brief delay, the ventricles contract at the same time forcing blood through the semilunar valves into the aorta and the artery transporting blood to the lungs (via the pulmonary artery). Closing of the semilunar valves produces a monosyllabic “dup” sound.

Answer 90

Red blood cells= NO MITOCHONDRIA\*\* so not really using oxygen so not using oxygen\* so really these cells, we call them cells, no nucleus made for purpose of carrying around oxygen to body, so amazingly designed cells made for purpose of carrying oxygen to body because bags of hemoglobin, **so remember red blood cells do not really need oxygen just carry it around\*** ## Footnote **Before becoming mature RBC, precursor cells lose their nuceli and mitochondria\***

Answer 91

Bone marrow is found in the bones throughout your body. There are two types of bone marrow. Red bone marrow is involved in production of blood cells, while yellow marrow is important for fat storage. As you age, yellow bone marrow replaces red bone marrow so RBC, B cells, T cells and neutrophils are all made in red bone marrow!

Answer 92

arterioles covered with smooth muscle, when smooth muscle is very relaxed get vaso dilation constricted- bring diameter and radius of vessel down when constricted! like cardboard tube versus stray! when relaxed call it vasodilation, when it is constricted call it vasoconstriction! the reason we want to make this distinction that when you have vasodilation what that means for the blood is that you would have very low resistance\*\* can flow through with very low resistance, adn with vasoconstriction can see why have high resistance! so we owe a lot of this udnerstanding to Dr. Poiseuille

Answer 93

means its harder because resistance is 16 X greater when 2 cm goes to 1 cm, just dropped the radius a tiny bit and resistance went up 16 X !! and that is why its so hard, so then can apply this to blood vessels!!

Answer 94

1. begins in SA (group of cells also called pacemaker) node of RA, myogenic cells\*\* had neurogenetic cells require input from nervous system vs myogenic cells can create own pattern of contraction, autonomic nervous system regulates pace of contraction) 2. atrium becomes depolarized 3. signal pauses at AV node 4. then travels down bundle of His to apex of heart, then comes up and arond the purinje fibers which go through walls of ventricles 5. ventricles contract

Answer 95

coming from systemic circulation, vessel coming from right lung, then vessel going to left lung, arteries branching off part of systemic ciruclation\* these are called bronchial arteries, and these bronchial arteries bring them oxygenated blood, well say that wasn’t so difficult, can say bronchial vessels and these veins come from of course right lung adn end up dumping in there, can’t see in photo but trust they go there, and another vein from the other lung following a parallel path going into veins as well, don’t dump directly into superior, inferior vena cava but go to venus side of systemic circulation\* lungs technically getting blood from systemic and pulmonary circulation

Answer 96

b. a decrease in poretein cocnentation in blood as we go left to right in this picture, talkign about a capillary pressure that would flow out\* first part that says otuward flow, then inward flow is fluid coming back into the capillary\*\* so to bakc up for a second the reason you need fluid leaving the capillary this is the poitn where all this with O and nutrients can get out and bathe the cell\* that upper part of picture not even shown would be cells of the body\* those arrows pointign upward reflect fluid going out delivering glucose plus oxygen to teh cell, capillary inward flow coming back into the capillary that fluid then comes in containign carbon dioxie and waste\* only at the level of the capillaries that you actually have exchange at hte level of tissues of body, where real action is all the thing circulatory system is transportign have ot get to cells\* this is where and how it happens\* blood pressure here represents hydrostatic pressure adn that is basically the pressure that comes from volume of blood, cardiac output pretty far from heart at this poitn but still teh force from teh heart is driving blood forward, osmotic pressure is basically the pressure caused by osmosis and that is the drive for water to go where th solute is\* that is the main thing that is bringing hte fluid back into teh capillary after it has had a chance to deliver stuff to muscle cells and other stuff otuside of capillary it is really the solute inside the blood, things like big proteins big contributor, albium what sucks water and fluid with everything dissovled in it into teh capilary\*

Answer 97

b. a decrease in protein cocnetnration in blood so what would make arrow on left hand side biger or less movement back in the right arrow smaller, in either of thsoe cases end up with more fluid on outside of insteritium\* we are looking for what will give us more fluid stuck on the outside, a decrease in arteriole blood pressure, that would really be making this first arrow the hydrostatic arrow smaller\* because hydrostatic is from the bulk fluid pressure of the blood coming from the arteries\* that arrow would be smaller, how can cross out answer choice \* b- says a dec in protein concentration in the blood, so now really thinking about arrow on righthand side, really like proteins in the blood that are pullin g the water, water wants to follow where all the solute is, so what would happen if you had fewer proteins in teh blood, if you got rid of some of those proteins the arrow would get smaller\* if tha arrow gets smaler you would have more fluid NOT coming back in\*\* more fluid staying outside of the capillary\*\*\* which is what we wnat to find\* c- osmotic pressure is always constant under normal circumstances, if under some reason it got much smaller that would facilitate fluid mlving into teh capillary becuase there would be less of an undertoe backwards\* if the interstital osmotic pressure decreased\* d- if there was a whole bynchg of extra water that would push back against black arrow in opposite direction from a lot of fluid built up in interstitium, tht would hold fluid mroe in capillary and prevent it from goign out in teh same way\* if there were more hydratic pressure in interstitium the arrow out would force more resistance--\> less fluid woud leave the capillary, bigger there is the more the fluid goes out, if heading into more resistance heading into a headwind then less fluid would leave th capillary\*

Answer 98

**Answer- b. a decrease in protein concentration in blood** so c. osmotic pressure is constant "Hydrostatic pressure drops across the capillary bed, but osmotic pressure is constant" from outline and remember filtration means things leaving adn not coming back in, net movement out\* if there were more hydratic pressure in interstitium the arrow out would force more resistance--\> less fluid woud leave the capillary, bigger there is the more the fluid goes out, if heading into more resistance heading into a headwind then less fluid would leave th capillary\*

Answer 99

no smooth muscle, just that endotheiliam cell layer there is no smooth muscle around capillaries\*

Answer 100

c. they produce roughly 36 ATP per glucose in cellular respiration ## Footnote rbc do not do aerobic respiration in process of maturing lose all their mitochondira they do not have all that stuff to do the krebs cycle, ETC they JUST do glytcolsis and fermentation a trade off that was related to other questions when red blood cells mature they lose their mitochondria and nucleus, they lose all their da and just becoem these oxygen carryign machines, hwo red blood cells have eveolved is to just carry as much hemoglobin as possible, RBC gets rid of almost eerything else important so can be packed packed with hemoglobin and carry as much O2 as possible, then after 120 days trashed by spleen becuase very very specialized function adn do not do all the regular things other cells do\*

Answer 101

b. the effect of infusing Dextran is similar to that of infusing a hypertonic saline solution - a high molecular weight polymer is a way of putting more solute into the blood stream for whatever reason if need mroe osmotic pressure whatever it is, it is very vy rsimilar to a hypertonic saline solution which would also be a salty solution hypertonic= more solute so dextran just means extra solute\*\*\*

Answer 102

cardiac output= 8 L/min think of troke as beat of the heart, so it is volume per squeeze

Answer 103

**c. the lymphatic system collects and transports interstitial fluid directly to the kidneys** lymphatic pours everything into veins, regular venus circulation ducts on either side called thoracic ducts where lymphatic system connects to veins, so we have tubes carrying lymphs and duct passageway called thoractic duct hear the shoulder and everything besids that pours into veins and then everything in veisn goes to vena cava and goes back to teh heart!

Answer 104

so ask yourself, which of these things would make fluid go out into interstitium and stay there? **answer is b- b. a condition that causes the excretion of protein to the interstitial space** if for some reason you had more solute in interstitial space, then osmotic pressure arrow could flip around, water will follow solute if put all this water in wrong place otuside of capillary that is where water will want to go and stay

Answer 105

b is vasporessin= ADH d. all of hte above, if losing water would reasborb Na+ in kdney water follows how aldosterone works!

Answer 106

**answer= a. be similar to the effect of significant vasodilation** Remember not all the fluid that goes out at the beginnign comes back at the end so it is about 90% of hte fluid that goes out on the leftside of this picture will come back on the rightside of this picture\*\*\* the lst 10 % is collected by the lymphatic system, so supposed to swoop up the lst of htis if there was a blockage then have excess fluid stuck in interstitium area! so the issuer here is too much fluid in the interstitium, similar to significant vasodilation which is just allowign fluid to leave capillary very easily becuase pores are opening up between teh cells, that would be another sscenario where you would have too much fluid outside in that interstitial area\*\* so if you had tons of vasodilation fluid would go out\*\* same net effect as if lymphatic system wasn't able to do tis job and pick up extra fluid\* would just hang out in intsteritium in both cases\* a- decrease blood pressure, becuse decreasing hydrostatic component of the blood because losing blood volume\* b- that would increase swelling in the area not decrease swelling all this fluid casuign all this area to puff up, so no INC swelling for b

Answer 107

**c. promote heat loss from a region of the skin if applied locally** vasodilation not only lets fluid leave capillary but HEAT leaves capillary\*\*\* vasodilation lose fluid, blood pressure would go down\* a trigger for renin\* renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway is triggered by low blood pressure which acts to compensate and raise bp, if had vasodilation and bp went down would encourage renin, promote renin being secreted and whole pathway renin is part of would happen more\* nitrglycerin decreases blood pressure\*\* b. would inc bp, a. no nitroglycerin dec bp

Answer 108

no hydrostatic pressure goes dwon down down, beucase hydrostatic pressure is related to volume, as fluid is leving the capillary there is lower volume in teh capillary\* osmotic presure is the one that is constant\* **answer= d. hydrostatic pressure is constant across a capillary bed- no osmotic pressure is constant, hydrostatic pressure changes!**

Answer 109

The ductus arteriosus is a normal blood vessel that connects two major arteries — the aorta and the pulmonary artery — that carry blood away from the heart. The lungs are not used while a fetus is in the womb because the baby gets oxygen directly from the mother's placenta. The ductus arteriosus carries blood away from the lungs and sends it directly to the body. When a newborn breathes and begins to use the lungs, the ductus is no longer needed and usually closes by itself during the first 2 days after birth. **If the ductus doesn't close, the result is a patent (meaning "open") ductus arteriosus. The PDA lets oxygen-rich blood (blood high in oxygen) from the aorta mix with oxygen-poor blood (blood low in oxygen) in the pulmonary artery. As a result, too much blood flows into the lungs, which puts a strain on the heart and increases blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries.** In infants born with other heart problems that decrease blood flow from the heart to the lungs or decrease the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the body, the PDA may actually help, and the doctor might prescribe medicine to keep the ductus arteriosus open.

Answer 110

Fetal circulation is different to the circulation of a newborn baby and an adult. In the fetus, not much blood passes through the lungs. The fetus is not breathing air and the lungs are filled with fluids. Rather, it receives oxygen-rich blood from the placenta via the umbilical cord. In fetal circulation, the placenta mainly supplies blood to the left atrium, through an anatomical opening called the foramen ovale. Aside for the patent foramen ovale, there is another important connection, the patent ductus arteriosus, the connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta, allowing blood to travel through the pulmonary artery to bypass the lungs and go straight into the aorta. Blood can bypass the lungs because of high vascular resistance in the pulmonary arteries, allowing the blood to more easily flow into the aorta. In the fetus, oxygenated blood flows through the umbilical vein to the liver and **passes through the ductus venosus before joining with the inferior vena cava.** The blood will enter the right atrium and then either go into the right ventricle or it will go through the patent foramen ovale into the left atrium, before being pumped in the left ventricle and into the (ascending) aorta. The blood that is pumped from the right ventricle can go through the pulmonary artery to enter the lungs, but mainly bypasses the lungs straight into the (descending) aorta via the patent **ductus arteriosus**. Through the aorta, blood flows into the fetal body and back to the placenta via the umbilical arteries.

Answer 111

Through the blood vessels in the umbilical cord, the fetus gets all needed nutrition and oxygen. The fetus gets life support from the mother through the placenta. Waste products and carbon dioxide from the fetus are sent back through the umbilical cord and placenta to the mother's circulation to be removed. The fetal circulatory system uses 3 shunts. These are small passages that direct blood that needs to be oxygenated. The purpose of these shunts is to bypass the lungs and liver. That's because these organs will not work fully until after birth. The shunt that bypasses the lungs is called the foramen ovale. This shunt moves blood from the right atrium of the heart to the left atrium. The ductus arteriosus moves blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta. Oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are sent across the placenta to the fetus. The enriched blood flows through the umbilical cord to the liver and splits into 3 branches. The blood then reaches the inferior vena cava. This is a major vein connected to the heart. Most of this blood is sent through the ductus venosus. This is also a shunt that lets highly oxygenated blood bypass the liver to the inferior vena cava and then to the right atrium of the heart. A small amount of this blood goes straight to the liver to give it the oxygen and nutrients it needs. Waste products from the fetal blood are transferred back across the placenta to the mother's blood.

Answer 112

Blood enters the right atrium. This is the chamber on the upper right side of the heart. When the blood enters the right atrium, most of it flows through the foramen ovale into the left atrium. Blood then passes into the left ventricle. This is the lower chamber of the heart. Blood then passes to the aorta. This is the large artery coming from the heart. From the aorta, blood is sent to the heart muscle itself and to the brain and arms. After circulating there, the blood returns to the right atrium of the heart through the superior vena cava. Very little of this less oxygenated blood mixes with the oxygenated blood. Instead of going back through the foramen ovale, it goes into the right ventricle. This less oxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery. A small amount of the blood continues on to the lungs. Most of this blood is shunted through the ductus arteriosus to the descending aorta. This blood then enters the umbilical arteries and flows into the placenta. In the placenta, carbon dioxide and waste products are released into the mother's circulatory system. Oxygen and nutrients from the mother's blood are released into the fetus' blood. At birth, the umbilical cord is clamped and the baby no longer gets oxygen and nutrients from the mother. With the first breaths of life, the lungs start to expand. As the lungs expand, the alveoli in the lungs are cleared of fluid. An increase in the baby's blood pressure and a major reduction in the pulmonary pressures reduce the need for the ductus arteriosus to shunt blood. These changes help the shunt close. These changes raise the pressure in the left atrium of the heart. They also lower the pressure in the right atrium. The shift in pressure stimulates the foramen ovale to close. Blood circulation after birth The closure of the ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, and foramen ovale completes the change of fetal circulation to newborn circulation.