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Sports Injuries > Elbow and Arm Review > Flashcards

Elbow and Arm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Name the bony landmarks on the elbow and arm

A
  • lateral epicondyle
  • medial epicondyle
  • capitulum
  • trochlea
  • head of radius
  • conoid process of ulna
  • radial tuberosity
  • ulnar tuberosity
  • olecranon process
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2
Q

Describe the trochlea

A
  • medial side of humerus
  • meets up with ulna
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3
Q

Describe the medial epicondyle

A
  • looks like thumb sticking out of bone, very prominent because a lot of finger & wrist flexors originate here
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4
Q

Describe the capitulum

A
  • rounded, almost spherical shape along lateral side of articular surfaces of humerus
  • meets up with radius
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5
Q

Describe the head of radius

A
  • relatively flat, slight concavity
  • rounded surface if you look from above
  • will spin around radial notch on ulna (probation & supination)
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6
Q

Describe the radial tuberosity

A
  • on proximal end of radius
  • leans towards medial side
  • attachment for biceps brachii
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7
Q

Compare the size of the medial epicondyle and lateral epicondyle

A

Medial: very prominent
Lateral: very subtle

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8
Q

What is the ulnar tuberosity an attachment for?

A

Brachialis

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9
Q

Where is the conoid process located?

A

Ulna @end where it meets up with the trochlea of humerus

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10
Q

Describe the olecranon process

A
  • ulna scoops into back of humerus, males olecranon process
  • “funny bone”
  • most proximal end of ulna
  • hooks into olecranon fossa on humerus
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11
Q

How does the structural integrity of the elbow relate to injury?

A
  • elbow has a lot of bony congruency, very stable joint
  • ulna wraps around the trochlea of the humerus
  • usually need someone with excessive amount of laxity/looseness through the joint or have huge amount of force coming in (especially fast & in extended elbow like Olympic lift)
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12
Q

Name the joints of the elbow

A

-superior radio-ulnar joint
- humero-ulnar joint
- humero-radial joint

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13
Q

Describe the superior radio-ulnar joint

A
  • head of radius resting against concave notch on ulna
    -allows radius to spin through pronation and supination for rest of forearm
    *We need the radius to be held against ulna but not so much that it can’t spin = annular ligament!
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14
Q

Describe the annular ligament

A
  • attached to anterior & posterior margins of the radial notch on the ulna
  • loops around radial head but doesn’t actually attach to it
  • allows radius to spin against ulna but still be attached
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15
Q

Describe the humero-ulnar joint

A
  • olecranon process on back and conoid on front
  • scoop around trochlea
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16
Q

Describe the humero-radial joint

A
  • head of radius slightly concave on superior end: meets up with capitulum
17
Q

Name the elbow ligaments

A

Radial-collateral ligament
Ulnar-collateral ligament

18
Q

Describe the radial-collateral ligament

A
  • lateral side of elbow
  • almost triangular in shape (it up by two bands)

Bands start @ lateral epicondyle of humerus
- 1 band moves anteriorly, 1 posteriorly
- both blend into annular ligament
- posterior band blends into part of ulna (superior crest)

** pulled apart with varus position (uncommon)

19
Q

Describe the ulnar-collateral ligament

A
  • has 3 bands: all 3 start @ medial epicondyle of humerus (anterior, posterior, transverse)
  • limits valgus forces (common especially in sports with rapid & powerful elbow extension like pitching and throwing)
20
Q

Describe the location of the anterior band of ulnar-collateral ligament

A
  • start @ medial epicondyle of humerus
  • lands on coronoid process on the front
21
Q

Describe the location of the posterior band of the ulnar-collateral ligament

A
  • starts @ medial epicondyle of humerus
  • blends into the olecranon process on the back
22
Q

Describe the location of the transverse band of the ulnar-collateral ligament

A
  • starts @ medial epicondyle of humerus
  • doesn’t cross joint at all
  • completes a triangle from coronoid process>olecranon
23
Q

Describe valgus forces at elbow

A
  • when elbow is in anatomic neutral (full extension), elbow has a valgus leading to it (medial side more open than lateral)
  • angle between long axis of forearm and humorus = carrying angle
  • whenever we do activity with forceful extension of the elbow, we get valgus traction along medial side of elbow and apply stress to medial structures
    **UCL is very developed ligament for this reason
24
Q

Name the elbow muscles

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Triceps brachii

25
Q

Describe the structure of the biceps brachii

A
  • 2 heads:
    SHORT (medial side, originating @coracoid on scapula)
    LONG (lateral side)
26
Q

Describe the location of the biceps brachii

A

traveling up bicipital groove between lesser & greater tuberosity
- tendon goes across head of the humerus & lands on superior aspect of glenoid fossa (supraglenoid tubercle)
- muscle merges into 1 belly & continues down to come past the elbow
- as it passes the elbow it becomes a flexor
2 insertions:
- radial tuberosity
- bicipital aponeurosis (transparent CT that spreads across muscles of forearm that affect risk and hand)

27
Q

Describe the Brachialis

A
  • originates from anterior aspect of humorous in the distal half
  • shorter than bicep, doesn’t touch the shoulder
  • converges into 1 tendon which blends into the ulnar tuberosity
28
Q

Name the muscle actions for the biceps and brachialis

A
  • biceps and brachialis are both elbow FLEXORS
  • Biceps brachii has capacity to cause SUPINATION OF RADIO ULNAR JOINTS
29
Q

Describe the triceps brachii

A
  • 3 heads, all 3 merge into horseshoe -shaped common tendon that blends into olecranon process of ulna
  • long, lateral and medial head
  • all 3 pull on olecranon process to lock it in place in olecranon fossa on posterior side of the humerus (process of extension)
30
Q

Describe the location of long, lateral and medial head of triceps brachii

A
  • long and lateral heads are very superficial
  • the medial head is deep to both and is best seeing if you “peel” the other two away
  • long head originates from infraglenoid tubercle on the scapula
  • lateral and medial heads originate from the posterior surface of the shaft of the humerus and land on either side of radial groove
31
Q

Describe the radial groove

A
  • the radio groove is a diagonal group in which the radial nerve will travel on its way towards the radius
32
Q

Describe the function of the biceps brachii

A
  • since long head is coming up over the scapula, we can have action at the shoulder: helps with extension of GH joint and a little bit of adduction
  • all three pull-on olecranon process to lock it in place in olecranon fossa on posterior side of the humerus (process of extension)

Sports Injuries (21 decks)

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