Elizabethan England Flashcards
(130 cards)
1
Q
When did the third act of succession restore Elizabeth as heir
A
1544
2
Q
How long was Elizabeth locked in the tower when suspected to be plotting against Mary (sister)
A
2 months
3
Q
When was Elizabeth crowned
A
15 Jan 1559
4
Q
When was Elizabeth born
A
1533
5
Q
What was Elizabeth’s reign described as
A
“Golden age”
6
Q
When was the Spanish Armada
A
8 August 1588
7
Q
What act rules Elizabeth illegitimate
A
Second act of succession
8
Q
When did Elizabeth nearly die to illness without a heir
A
1562
9
Q
When was Mary (cousin) exiled to England
A
1568
10
Q
When was the revolt in Ireland
A
1559
11
Q
What did the royal court contain
A
500 advisors, nobles, officials, servants
12
Q
How many wagons did Elizabeth use in progresses
A
400
13
Q
Religious branch of the great chain of being
A
Head of church
Archbishops and bishops
9000 parish priests
Church wardens
14
Q
Law branch of the great chain of being
A
Law courts
Judges
Quarters sessions
Local law courts
Local law courts that dealt with less serious crimes
15
Q
Elizabeth’s court branch of the great chain of being
A
The court and privy council
Lords lieutenant (governed each country)
Justices of peace (maintained law and order)
Town councils (elected by wealthy citizens)
Local officials (constables/oversaw the poor)
16
Q
What were the two part of parliament
A
House of Commons
House of Lords
17
Q
How many members were in the House of Lords
A
55
More powerful
18
Q
How many members were in the House of Commons
A
450
19
Q
Parliament members - sir William Cecil
A
Protestant
Secretary of State
20
Q
Parliament members - sir Francis walsingham
A
Puritan
“Spy master”
Clashed with Cecil but allied with Dudley
21
Q
Parliament members - Robert Dudley
A
Earl of Leicester
Puritan
Privy councillor
22
Q
Parliament members - sir Christopher Hatton
A
Protestant
Lord chancellor
Hated puritans but sympathised with Catholics
23
Q
Arguments for Elizabeth’s marriage
A
Would produce an heir
Would prevent Mary ruling after Elizabeth’s death
Marriage could create an alliance or support
24
Q
Arguments against Elizabeth’s marriage
A
She might die if she got pregnant
She might loose control to a husband or other countries
Her sisters marriage to King Phillip (Spain) was seen as a failure
Wanted to keep authority
25
Elizabeth’s suitors - Phillip II of Spain
Spain was powerful and controlled Portugal, Australia, South America
Could ally against France
Catholic
Treated Mary (sister) badly
Had involved England in costly wars
26
Elizabeth’s suitors - Robert Dudley
Protestant
Could provide support from nobility
Might have killed his previous wife Amy
27
Elizabeth’s suitors - duke of Anjou
France was powerful
Catholic
Made proposal when Elizabeth was too old to produce an heir
He was 20 years younger than her
Killed lots of Protestants in 1572
France was unpopular
28
Elizabeth’s suitors - Prince Eric of Sweden
Protestant
Popular in England (coins)
Sweden was a large European power
His father disapproved
Sweden was a poor country
29
Rebells in the northern rebellion - earl of Westmorland
Catholic and powerful in Mary’s rule
Kept power in north under Elizabeth
His wife was a member of the Howard family (3 of Henry VIII wives had titles in it)
30
Rebells in the northern rebellion - earl of Northumberland
Protestant
Lord lieutenant of the North
Elizabeth’s second cousin
31
Rebells in the northern rebellion - Duke of Norfolk
Father executed for rebelling against Henry VIII
Catholic
Only allowed his title back during Mary’s reign
32
Causes of the northern rebellion
Most northern people were catholic in Elizabeth’s Protestant country
Catholic earls and families lost power and trust
Many people wanted Mary (cousin) to be queen
Norfolk felt mistreated in his political talents
33
Events of the northern rebellion
Norfolk wanted to marry Mary (cousin) to produce an heir
Sir Nicholas Throckmorton and Robert Dudley joined
Dudley told Elizabeth
Norfolk was arrested
Northumberland and Westmorland joined at Brancepeth church where 5000 rebels held mass
By December they had captured Barnard castle and Hartlepool
Never received expected help from Spain
No proper strategy and Elizabeth still held Northern cities
Royal army forced earls into Scotland
34
When did the earls in the northern rebellion join
9 November 1569
Mass on 14 November
35
Consequences of the northern rebellion
Elizabeth strengthened northern council
Executed 450 rebels
The Scottish beheaded Northumberland in 1572
Led to Ridolfi plot
Norfolk imprisoned for 9 months
36
When was the Earl of Essex appointed to the privy council
1593
37
When did the Earl of Essex capture the Spanish city of Cadiz
1596
38
When did the Earl of Essex choose to go treasure hunting instead of defeating the Spanish like Elizabeth ordered
1597
39
When was the Earl of Essex made Lord lieutenant of Ireland and what did he do
1599
Failed to put down a rebellion and instead made a truce against Elizabeth’s wishes
40
When did Essex argue with Elizabeth and was placed under house arrest
1598
41
When did the Earl of Essex begin to gather followers to get rid of his rival Robert Cecil
1601
42
Events of the Essex rebellion
The Earl of Essex took 4 members of the privy council hostage
200 followers marched to London
Essex was labeled a traitor
Hostages escaped
Followers abandoned him
43
When was the Earl of Essex executed
26 February 1601
44
Nobility details
Born into or awarded by monarch
£6000 a year
14% of the country’s income went to 1% of nobility
45
Gentry details
Landlords of the countryside
£10-200 a year
46
Privy council details
Day to day running
Main advisors
47
Lord lieutenant details
Responsibility for an area
48
Justices of peace details
Gentry that enforced parliament laws
49
Parliament details
Tax and laws of the country
50
Beliefs of the wealthy
Religion, death, politics discussed in town Center
In men in charge
The great chain of being
51
Housing of the wealthy
Renaissance/symmetrical shapes
Windows to show power
52
Food of the wealthy
Cinnamon, ginger, pineapple
Lots of meat and sugar
Silver and gold dishes
53
Sports of the wealthy
Tennis
Hunting
Tournaments
Jousting
54
Who wrote “warning against vagabonds”
Thomas Harman
55
Bristler vagabond
Betting on a weighted die
56
Counterfeit crank vagabond
Pretended to be insane
Ate soap to froth at mouth
57
Clapper Dudgeon vagabond
Cut themselves for sympathy money
58
Bare top trickster vagabond
Flash men/ have sex for money
59
Tom O’Bedlam vagabond
Pretended to be mad for sympathy money
Put a chicken in their ear
60
Causes of poverty - population increase
43% increase
Landlords could increase rent (rack renting)
61
Causes of poverty - inflation
Food prices went up
62
Causes of poverty - enclosure
More landlords began to farm rather than renting land
This meant less workers were needed
63
Causes of poverty - closing monasteries
Henry VIII closed monasteries
This evicted workers and reduced charity for the poor
64
Causes of poverty - poor harvests
Between 1594-1598 there were poor harvest
65
Reasons for the mistreatment of the poor
Unemployed people were seen as lazy and mortally evil
Tramps were seen as suspicious strangers
More poor increased taxes
Newspapers quickly spread suspicion
66
Acts for the poor - statute of Artificiers
1563
All workers paid the most they could be
Apprentices could receive 7 years of free training
Set shop prices
Employees could just rename their shops
67
Acts for the poor - vagabonds act
1572
Limited beggars without a licence
Actors were scared to travel in case they were mistook for beggars
68
Acts for the poor - poor tax
1572
The old and weak were documented
The rich had to pay taxes for them
The rich protested and were thrown in jail
69
Acts for the poor - poor relief act
1576
Built factories provided with free materials for people to work
People who refused to work were sent up a “house of correction” to beat plants with sticks
The workhouses were either too empty or too full dependent on harvest
70
Play audiences
Cross class
Poor groundlings in pit
Lords room for rich
Showed feudal system
71
Play patronage
Propaganda to promote stability in monarch
Distracted from rebellion
Influenced
Funded by patrons
72
Play play writes
Shakespeare
Ben Jonson
Special effects
Violence romance and patriotism
73
Play themes
Supported Elizabeth
Emphasised hierarchy in society
Presented tutors favourably
Avoided controversial topics
74
Catholic beliefs and practices
Services and books in Latin
Priests wore expensive vestments
Priest, Bishops, and the Pope were Gods representatives on earth
Bread and wine become Jesus
Priest never faced the people
Decorated churches with chalice cups, golden plates, crucifixes
75
Protestant beliefs and practices
Services and books in English
Vicars and ministers wore plain and simple clothes
God could be found without vicars or ministers
Bread and wine symbolic
Vicars and ministers faced the people
Simple and plain churches
76
Act of supremacy
1559
“Middle way” in religion
Services in English but Latin prayer books printed
Elizabeth was “supreme governor” instead of head of the church
Punished attending catholic services
Vestments and Bishops/priests were allowed
Jesus was “really present” in bread and wine
77
Religious threats - pope
22 April 1570
Pope Pius V issued a papal bull excommunicating Elizabeth
Asked Catholics to kill her
78
Religious threats - recusants
People paid the 12 shilling fine instead of going to Protestant services
79
Religious threats - rebellions
1569 - northern rebellion
1571 - ridolfi plot
1583 - throckmorton plot
1586 - babington plot
80
Religious threats - douai seminary
Set up by William Allen to train Catholic priests to be a missionary in England
81
Religious threats - missionary’s
Edmund Campion
Arrived in England 1580 dressed as a jewel merchant and began preaching
Arrested 14 July 1581 and tortured
82
What religious law was introduced in 1571
Owning Christian items was illegal and Catholics were fined
83
What religious law was introduced in 1581
Fines increased to £20
4 priests were executed
84
What religious law was introduced in 1585
Became legal to kill anyone attempting to assassinate Elizabeth
123 priests were convicted of becoming priests after 1559
85
What religious law was introduced in 1593
“Statute of confinement”
Catholics couldn’t travel 5 miles from their homes without permission
86
When did Mary’s (cousin) French husband become king and she declared herself rightful queen of England
1559
87
When did Mary’s french husband die, causing her to return to Scotland
1561
88
When did Mary refuse to marry the Earl of Leicester per Elizabeth’s order
1564
89
When did Mary marry Lord Darnley and have a son (heir)
1565
90
When did Mary marry the Earl of Bothwell who killed Lord Darnley
1567
91
When did Mary flee Scottish rebellion to England where she was out under house arrest in Bolton Castle
1568
92
Arguments for executing Mary
Spain would support Mary’s claim to the throne
Walsingham had evidence (letters) of Mary’s involvement in the throckmorton and babington plots
A Dutch Protestant leader had been killed by Catholics
93
Arguments against executing Mary
Mary was a queen chosen by God
She was Elizabeth’s closest relative - they frequently sent letters
Mary was from a foreign country, so could not be put on trial in England
Catholics would have a martyr
King James VI (Mary’s son) might seek revenge
94
When was Mary (cousin) executed
1587
95
Puritan beliefs and practices
Strict protestantism
No crucifixes/candles
Wanted to remove catholic influences
Plain services and churches
English prayer book
Strictly bible-based religion
96
Vestarian controversy
1565-1566
Puritans objected to vestments
Matthew Parker (archbishop of canterbury) invited Puritan bishops to Lambeth palace to demonstrate the vestments
61 accepted
31 refused and were sacked
By 1568 most puritans had accepted religion
Prebysterions wrote critical leaflets about ideas
97
“Puritan choir”
Puritans in parliament
1571 - Walter Strickland wanted to change the book of prayer and was banned from parliament
Sir Peter Wentworth and Anthony cope also pushed for reforms - they were both imprisoned in 1587
When puritans write about reforms, Elizabeth destroyed printing presses
98
Prophesying in the 1570s
Aimed to become places of clerical education, but instead became a place to criticise Elizabeth
Edmund Grindale (archbishop of Canterbury) didn’t stop them so Elizabeth imprisoned him until he died in 1583
Puritan ministers had to receive licences to preach by accepting the religious settlement
William Stubs wrote an anti Elizabeth Pamphlet, his hand was cut off in 1583
99
Separatists
People who went against the religion in England
Martin marprelate published highly critical pamphlets in 1588
Elizabeth passed the act against seditious secretaries in 1593 which allowed the government to kill any separatists
Henry Barrow and John Greenwood were hanged due to this
100
When and why did Elizabethan exploration start
1558
England lost its last part of France
Strategic defence became easier, so they could more to focus on new land
101
North American exploration
Explored in 1578 to find a place for Protestants
Humphrey Gilbert tried to settle in Newfoundland but died in the voyage back
Walter Raleigh founded Virginia in 1584 but had bad relations with the natives
102
South American exploration
Spain had found riches in South America
Walter Raleigh voyaged to Guiana in 1595 to find el dorado
103
Asian exploration
England wanted a quick route to trade silk with China
Reached India and traded spices
East India trading company established in 1600
104
Circumnavigation
In 1577 Elizabeth sent Francis drake to said around the world and raid Spanish ships
Took 3 years and he captured £400,000 worth
105
Spanish monopoly 🧐
By 1600 Spain had colonised much of South America and the Caribbean
Any merchant trading with Spain had to register their cargo in Seville where the authorities with take a share
This increased trade prices in Spanish areas
106
Privateers
Had permission from the monarch to attack foreign ships and had to share with Elizabeth
107
What percent of Spanish ships were captured by privateers of pirates
10-15%
108
Famous privateers - John Hawkins
Sold 300 slaves he stole from the Portuguese in 1562
Held Spanish towns ransom until they agreed to trade with him
109
Famous privateers - Humphrey Gilbert
Violently ended riots in Ireland
Knighted
Claimed Newfoundland in 1583
110
Famous privateers - Francis drake
Sailed to the Caribbean to trade/smuggle in 1565
1572 - first attack on Spanish ships
1573 - captured a Spanish ship full of silver
1577 - circumnavigation
111
Famous privateers - Walter Raleigh
Knighted in 1585 for plans to colonise America
1595 - burned down all Spanish ships in Trinidad
Found el dorado
112
Why were there tensions between England and Spain
Elizabeth refused to marry Phillip
England was Protestant, Spain was catholic
Spain was at war with Holland, England was helping Holland
Phillip wanted Mary (cousin) to be queen, Mary was killed
England stole from Spanish ships
Francis drake burnt 37 Spanish ships
Elizabeth protected sea beggars who stole from Spanish ships
Philip supported the Northern rebellion and Ridolfi plot
Philip signed a treaty with catholic France in 1584
113
Treaty of nonsuch
1585
English sent 7000 soldiers to help the Protestant rebellion in the Netherlands
Spain were helping the Catholics
114
Spanish plan for armada
1588
130 Spanish ships to block the English Channel while armies invaded England
115
Who led the Spanish ships in the armada
Duke of Medina Sidonia
Inexperienced
116
Who led English ships in the armada
Lord Howard of Effingham
117
What two places did the English navy guard in the armada
Straits of Dover
Plymouth
118
Where did Spanish Armada drop anchor
Calais since they couldn’t find the army
119
Events of the Spanish Armada
8 fire ships were sailed at Spanish ships - many cut anchors to escape
The sailed away from fire into English gunfire (battle of grave lines)
The Spanish did not have the correct size cannonball to shoot back
Wind/storms blew the Spanish away from the English into rocks on the coast of Scottish Orkney islands
90 defeated ships sailed back to Spain
120
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - agility
English shops were more Manoeuvrable and had triangular sails called lanteens
121
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - raids
English raided Spanish territory
122
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - navigation
The astrolabe and English experience meant they could navigate better
123
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - geography
The straits of Dover were narrow so Spanish ships couldn’t escape
124
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - standardisation
All ships were the same so all sailors could learn to sail each one easily
125
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - formation
English ships formed “lines of battle”
126
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - leadership
The Spanish duke didn’t change the plan to suit the situation and had no communication with Spain
Francis drake helped the English, who communicated with fire signals
127
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - ships
68 of the Spanish ships were warships
34/177 English ships were warships
128
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - weaponry
It took an hour for the Spanish to reload their guns
It took 10 minutes for the English to reload
129
Factors for defeat in the Spanish Armada - luck
Wind destroyed Spanish ships
130
Spanish Armada losses
British lost 100 men
Spanish lost 600 men
