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History Paper 2 > Migration 750-1557AD > Flashcards

Migration 750-1557AD Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

When did Anglo Saxon rule begin

A

401

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2
Q

How many Anglo Saxons were there

A

2 million

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3
Q

How many thegns were there in Anglo Saxon Britain

A

4000-5000
Local lords

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4
Q

What percent of the Anglo Saxon population were slaves

A

10%

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5
Q

What was interesting about Anglo Saxon social Hierarchy

A

You could move up and down it

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6
Q

What were the 3 tribes of the Anglo Saxons

A

Angles
Saxons
Jutes

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7
Q

What was the heptarchy

A

The 7 separate kingdoms of Anglo Saxon England
Each area had a king and government

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8
Q

7 kingdoms of the heptarchy

A

Northumbria “north of Humber”
Mercia “the welsh marches”
Wessex “west Saxons”
East anglia “east angles”
Essex “east Saxons”
Kent “cantaware”
Sussex “south Saxons”

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9
Q

Government in Anglo Saxon life

A

Kings had a witan - group of advisors
Everyone had a life price - wergild - meant murder was rare
Open air meetings called folk-moots to deal with law breakers

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10
Q

War in Anglo Saxon life

A

Life expectancy of 31.3 years, longer than Romans due to less war
Major towns (London/York) were fortified against attack

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11
Q

Science and technology in Anglo Saxon life

A

9th century the “Anglo Saxon chronicle” were produced
First book about algebra
Oxford uni created

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12
Q

Religion in Anglo Saxon life

A

No religious rebellions due to mutual Christianity
1/3 of the year was five as holiday for religious festivals

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13
Q

Economic resources in Anglo Saxon life

A

“Agricultural boom” so more food was produced and traded
Modern money - coins 🪙 made in 60 mints and used for taxes

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14
Q

What countries made up Scandinavia

A

Norway
Denmark
Sweden

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15
Q

What were the economic factors that pulled vikings to England

A

Britain was one of the richest and most fertile territories in Europe
Gold and jewels were donated to monasteries and only protected by defenceless monks

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16
Q

What were the government factors that pulled Viking’s to England

A

The division into the heptarchy meant local kings didn’t work together against Viking raids

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17
Q

What were the science and technology factors that pulled vikings to England

A

Effective sailing with slim longships
Sturdy for open sea
Slim for rivers and canals
Carried gold/silver/cattle/slaves

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18
Q

What were the economic factors that pushed vikings from Scandinavia

A

Becoming overcrowded with not enough food
Norway was hilly and struggled to grow crops
Denmark had sandy soul that limited animals that could be reared
Younger sons did not inherit so needed to make their own wealth from new lands

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19
Q

What were the religious factors that pushed vikings from Scandinavia

A

Christian ideas had spread to Scandinavia and were attacking pagan Viking beliefs

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20
Q

When was the lindisfarne invasion

A

8 June 793AD
Religious island

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21
Q

The great heathen army

A

King Aelle of Northumbria defeated the original vikings and threw their leader Ragnof into a pit of snakes
The great heathen army came to avenge him
They pulled Aelles ribs and lungs out
Divided England into the northern Danelaw area and southern Anglo Saxons who paid a Danegeld to vikings so they would leave

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22
Q

When did the great heathen army invade

A

865AD

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23
Q

Long term Viking influence

A

Thursday (Thor)
Friday (Freya)
Egg, bread, sister, happy, ill, muck - Viking origins

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24
Q

Alfred the great

A

Became king of Wessex in 871
Vikings attacked Wessex in 876
Alfred’s army hid on the isle of athelney in Somerset marshes
May 878 he beat the vikings at the battle of edington in wiltshire

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25
Peace treaty between Anglo Saxons and Vikings
Alfred and Guthrie agrees on boundaries between territories Guthrum had to become Christian and never attack Wessex Vikings lived in the north and east of the country - Danelaw
26
Alfred’s short term significance
Kept Wessex independent from Viking conquest
27
Alfred’s long term significance
Began to recapture Britain His grandson -Athelstan- conquered Northumbria in 927 and became the first king of unified England A statue of him was put up in Winchester 1000 years after his death
28
Alfred’s impact of science and technology
Ordered the creation of the Anglo Saxon chronicles Set up schools
29
Alfred’s impact on war
Built burhs (fortresses) to strengthen defences Fortified existing Roman towns (oxford) New defences intimidated vikings Made a grid of defence sites over territory
30
Alfred’s impact on government
Created the doom book (law code) Took the best laws from other kingdoms and used them for his legal code People in authority of church/state were not acting justly or effectively
31
Alfred’s impact on unified Britain
Supremacy over Wessex Other kingdoms in the heptarchy recognised him as overlord Anglo Saxons begain your call themselves anglegnn (English)
32
Who were king Edward the peacefuls heirs
Edward (12) Athelred Edwards was murdered after 3 years by supporters of his brother
33
Why was athelred a poor king
Poor judge of character and was surrounded by corrupt advisors
34
Who led the Viking invasion of athelreds England
Sven Forkbeard
35
What was athelreds Danegeld comprised of
3300kg of silver (£900,000) today
36
St Brices day massacre
1002 Athelred ordered the killing of all vikings in England Sven Forkbeard sister was killed so he quickly invaded the country
37
What countries made up the North Sea empire
England Norway Denmark
38
Government effects of the North Sea empire
Reorganised from the heptarchy into 4 earldoms (united england, gave less positions of power, citizens could travel between) Most Vikings went back to Scandinavia Godwin (Anglo Saxon) was put in charge of Wessex Many popular and fair laws from Alfred’s time were brought back
39
Religious effects of the North Sea empire
More archbishops were appointed and the vikings respected Christianity Good relations with the pope and a agreement was reached so British travellers could visit tons for an affordable fee
40
Economic effects of the North Sea empire
Britain had a trade network with the rest of the North Sea empire Traded: silver, silks, spices, wine, jewellery, glass, pottery Encouraged movement between countries Used the sand Viking coins 🪙 as the rest of the empire
41
Background to the battle of Hastings
King Cnut was succeeded by Edward the confessor Earls and nobels had reservations towards him as he seemed to prefer the company of the Norman’s He died 6 Jan 1066
42
Candidates to the throne - William duke of Normandy
Close friend of Edwards who claimed he had been promised the throne Also claimed Harold Godwinson had agreed to support his claim after being rescued from a shipwreck near Normandy
43
Candidates to the throne - Harald hardrada, Viking ruler of norway
Claimed vikings should have control over England
44
Candidates to the throne - Harold godwinson, most powerful man in England
English Good soldier Witan wanted him to be king
45
England becoming a Norman kingdom
2 days after Edwards death, the witan crowned Harold Hardrada invaded but was defeated and killed by Harold at the battle of Stamford bridge William beat Harold’s tired army at the battle of Hastings English resistance as William travelled to London He was crowned the first norman king of England
46
When was the battle of Stamford bridge
September 1066
47
When was the battle of Hastings
14 October 1066
48
When was William crowned
25 December 1066
49
Government changes to England as a Norman kingdom
New punishments - like for illegal hunting, removal of fingers and eyes Same taxes and coins 🪙 William ordered the doomsday book as the largest survey of wealth to know who to tax Land was seized from the English and was divided between Barrons and lords in the feudal system Connections were made between England and France
50
Warfare changes to England as a Norman kingdom
Calvert fighting was introduced
51
Religion changes to England as a Norman kingdom
Norman’s were Christian’s Many cathedrals like Winchester/Durham were built or extended by the Norman’s
52
Science and technology changes to England as a Norman kingdom
Norman’s built the first stone castles in England, like the Tower of London (could also be used for warfare) French replaced English as the official language Parliament, soldier, royal, minister, army absorbed into the English language
53
Angevin empire - when did Henry I loose his only son
In a shipwreck in 1120
54
Angevin empire - who was successor after Henry I died
Matilda (daughter) He died in 1135 Henry’s nephew Steven challenged her
55
What was the anarchy
A civil war between Matilda and her French husband Geoffrey count of Anjou, and Stephen
56
How long did the anarchy last and how did it end
19 years Decided Stephen should rule and Matilda’s son after him
57
When did Stephen die
October 1154 Henry II become king
58
Why were the angevins known as Plantagenets
Geoffrey wore a yellow plant “planta genista in his hat”
59
What land did henry II own
Normandy from Matilda Anjou from Geoffrey Aquitaine from his French wife Eleanor Brittany when his son married a French duchess Ireland
60
How did Henry II secure Ireland
He established a deal with king dermot of Leinster in Ireland Offered military support then English knights and Barrons seized land Basis of English rule over Ireland
61
How many times did Henry II cross between his countries in his 34 year reign
30
62
Who were Henry IIs sons
Geoffrey Henry the younger Richard the lion heart John 🙄
63
What role did Henry II give John 🙄
Governorship of Ireland
64
When did Henry II die
1189
65
Who succeeded Henry II
Richard
66
What did John 🙄 do to the French
Broke their alliance with England
67
When did Richard die and who succeeded him
1199 April 6 John 🙄
68
John 🙄 wives
Isabel of Gloucester Isabel of angouléme
69
What did John 🙄 have a reputation for
Sexual harassment Disloyalty Greed Treachery First English king to be accused of murder with his own hands
70
When did Phillip II of France conquor Normandy, Maine, and Brittany
1202-1205
71
When did John 🙄 try and fail to recover Normandy
1204-1214
72
When did John 🙄 die, leaving Gascony as the only remaining territory in France (end of angevin empire)
1216
73
Who and why was John 🙄 suspected of murder
Arthur of Brittany wanted to take over johns French lands Lords in Brittany and Anjou wanted him as king John 🙄 suspected killed him in 1203
74
Events of the fall of the angevin empire
Phillip II invaded Anjou and Normandy Johns army was defeated in Brittany Maine was lost By 1215 John had raise taxes for the war with France so much that barrons rebelled and marched an army to London John signed the barrons magma carter in 1215 (respect church and barrons, stop unfair taxes, fair trials) In 1216 Louis of France invaded England and captured London English defeated the French at the battle of Lincoln
75
When did king Edward III declare war on France
1337 Start of the 100 years war
76
Causes of the 100 years war
Glory on the battlefield French threatened to take over Gascony were the English made money from taxed wine Threatened Flanders where the English grew tradable cloth Edward thought he had a better claim to France (his grandfather had been the king of France and his mother was the daughter of a French king) The French had promised to help the Scottish with their conflict with England
77
When did the 100 years was end
1453
78
How many English kings ruled during the 100 years war
5
79
Where was the 100 years war fought
France
80
1st part of the 100 years war
1337-1360 English won battles at Crecy in 1346 And Poitiers in 1356 Gave up rights to the throne from territories
81
2nd part of the 100 years war
1370 French won back land
82
3rd part of the 100 years war
1413 Henry V won the battle of Agincourt in 1415 He then died and the French beat the English
83
By 1453 (end of the 100 years war) what land did England have
Lost all land in France apart from an area around Calais
84
Long term impact of the 100 years war - general
English developed “English” language England began looking for lands to conquer outside of Europe
85
Long term impact of the 100 years war - economic
Bodiam castle was built with proccceds stolen from France during the war
86
Long term impact of the 100 years war - warfare
Missile fire began to be used from frequently in warefare
87
Long term impact of the 100 years war - science and technology
Increased use of handguns and gunpowder
88
Long term impact of the 100 years war - government
France merged as Nobel’s were killed in the war
89
Short term impact of the 100 years war - general
Areas of France (Normandy) were devastated by the war Men died on both sides
90
Short term impact of the 100 years war - economic
Crops/animals/riches were stolen Higher taxes England lost wealthy areas of France like Normandy and Aquitaine French improved their tax system
91
Short term impact of the 100 years war - warfare
France had the first full time army in Europe

History Paper 2 (7 decks)

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