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Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Embryology?

A

study of the origin and development of single individual

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2
Q

What are the first 8 weeks of prenatal period known as?

A

Embryonic period

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3
Q

What are the last 30 weeks of prenatal period known as?

A

Fetal period

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4
Q

What does the basic body plan include?

A

Skin – dermis and epidermis

Outer body wall – trunk muscles, ribs, vertebrae

Body cavity and digestive tube (inner tube)

Kidneys and gonads – deep to body wall

Limbs

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5
Q

What is a fertilized oocyte that moves toward the uterus called?

A

Zygote

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6
Q

What are Blastomeres?

A

daughter cells formed from zygote

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7
Q

What is a Morula?

A

solid cluster of 12–16 blastomeres Think “Mulberry”

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8
Q

What is a Blastocyst?

A

fluid-filled structure ~ 60 cells

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9
Q

List the stages of the fertilization and events of the first 6 days of development

A

Zygote -> 4-cell –> Morula -> Early blastocyst -> Late blastocyst (implants at this stage)

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10
Q

What are the prenatal periods?

A

Embryonic period Fetal period

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11
Q

what length in time defines each prenatal period?

A

Embryonic period – first 8 weeks

Fetal period – remaining 30 weeks �

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12
Q

What is the size of the embryo 25 days after conception? 36 days? 56 days?

A

3.5mm 10mm 30mm

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13
Q

What happens during the embryonic period?

A

Organs form from 3 primary germ layers

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14
Q

What is a major thing that happens during the fetal period?

A

organs grow in size and complexity

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15
Q

True or False most of cell proliferation occurs during the fetal period?

A

true. Reason: organs are growing in size by proliferation. Although cells also proliferate during the embryonic period majority of cells are differentiating during at that time.

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16
Q

what organ or structure allows for gas exchange between the fetus and mother?

A

placenta

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17
Q

What is teratogenesis?

A

something that can harms the fetus

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18
Q

During which week(s) are prenatal death at greatest risk?

A

1-2 weeks after conception

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19
Q

During what period can physiological defects occur?

A

Fetal period

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20
Q

What organs/systems are begining to develop when an embryo is 3.5mm?

A

Heart and CNS

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21
Q

Name the system that is at risk of defect throughout development (3weeks to 38weeks)

A

CNS

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22
Q

what does the outer body wall consist of?

A

trunk muscles, ribs, vertebrae �

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23
Q

Where does conception occur?

A

lateral third of the uterine tube

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24
Q

What are the daughter cells formed from zygote known as?

A

blastomeres

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25
Define zygote
fertilized oocyte
26
what is Morula?
solid cluster of 12–16 blastomeres
27
What are the stages that occur during the first week of development?
Zygote 4-cell Morula Early blastocyst Late blastocyst (implants at this stage)
28
What sheets is the inner cell mass divided into?
hypoblast and epiblast
29
During what stage is the blastocyst cavity formed?
early blastocyst
30
What is formed by the extension of the hypoblast?
yolk sac
31
What is the structure outlined in black?
amniotic sac
32
what does the yolk sac form into?
digestive tube
33
what gives rise to earliest blood cells and blood vessels?
tissues around yolk sac
34
What occurs on day 6?
blastocyst implant itself into the uterus
35
when is the inner cell mass formed?
day 6
36
which part of the embryo is NOT a major source of nutrients?
yolk sac
37
what lines the amniotic sac cavity?
amnion
38
what is primitive streak?
raised groove on the dorsal surface of the epiblast
39
During what process are the primary germ layers formed?
gastrulation
40
define gastrulation
a process of invagination of epiblast cells from bilaminar to trilaminar
41
where does gastrulation begin?
at the primitive streak
42
what cells do the germ layers derive from?
epiblast cells
43
Name the germ layers?
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
44
what does the primative node give rise to?
the notochord in mesoderm layer
45
what happens during neurulation? and when does it occur?
ectoderm starts forming brain and spinal cord (17-22 days)
46
After gastrulation the epiblast is now called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ectoderm
47
what is responsible for signaling in the trilaminar embryo?
notochord
48
what is the folding (inward) of the ectoderm known as?
nueral groove
49
What is the neural plate?
ectoderm in the dorsal midline
50
What part of the neural tube becomes the brain?
cranial part
51
what originates from ectodermal cells and forms sensory nerve cells?
Neural crest
52
During what day of development does the ectoderm fold inward?
Day 19
53
What happens during the 4th week of development? ## Footnote
The body takes it shape by the folding of embryo laterally and at the head and tail ## Footnote
54
What is formed when the tubular part of the yolk sac enclose?
primitive gut
55
What does the primitive gut eventually form?
Future digestive tube and respiratory structures
56
what does the neural tube become?
neural tube becomes spinal chord and the brain ## Footnote
57
what does the notochord become?
nucleus pulposus within intervertebral disc
58
What are the parts of a differentiating mesoderm?
Paraxial (somatic) mesoderm Intermediate mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm
59
The lateral plate forms a cavity that divides the it into what two layers?
Somatic mesoderm – apposed to the ectoderm Splanchnic mesoderm – apposed to the endoderm
60
What does ectoderm go on to form? ## Footnote
Epidermis hair Nails Glands of skin brain spinal cord neural crest
61
What does the Neural crest consist of?
Sensory nerve cells Some nervous structure Pigment cells Portion of skeleton Blood vessels in head and neck
62
What is the notochord portion of mesoderm form?
Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc
63
What are the divisions that derive from the mesoderm?
Notochord Somite (paraxial) Intermediate Lateral plate mesoderm
64
What does the somite portion of mesoderm form?
Sclerotome – vertebral and ribs Dermatome – dermis (dosal) Myotome – trunk and limb musculature
65
What does the dermis derive from?
``` Somite -\> Dermatome (dorsal) Somatic mesoderm (ventral) ```
66
What forms the kidney and gonads?
Intermediate mesoderm
67
where does parietal serosa derive from?
somatic mesoderm
68
where does visceral serosa derive from? ## Footnote
splanchnic mesoderm
69
what does the somatic mesoderm form?
parietal serosa dermis (ventral) CT of limbs
70
What does the splanchnic mesoderm form?
visceral serosa WALL (musculature, CT) digestive and respiratory tracts heart blood vessels
71
what does the endoderm form?
epithelial linging and glands of digestive and respiratory tract
72
when does the embryo first respembles a human and has all organs in place?
week 8
73
When do limb buds form?
Second month of embryonic development (week 5-8)
74
During the 8th week of development what structure is larger than the body?
liver is disproportionally larger than the body
75
How is the endoderm formed?
from migrating cells that replace the hypoblast
76
Do cells differentiate during the fetal period?
Yes. Cells are differentiating during the first half of the fetal period
77
Describe some events that occur during the 8th week of development?
eyes and ear look human ## Footnote neck begin to become evident head is nearly as large as body all major brain divisions are present first brain waves occur in brainstem bone formation occurs weak muscle contraction limbs formed, digits are webbed until end of 8 weeks cadiovascular system is fully functional
78
Describe some events that occur during the 3rd month (9-12 weeks) of development?
head is still dominant but body is elongating brain is enlarging retina is present R/L palate fuses together walls of hollow organs are gaining are gaining smooth muscle blood cell formation begins in bone marrow notochord deternerates can determine sex
79
What is the blastocyst surrounded by?
single layer of cells called trophoblast
80
Sucking motions of the lips begin during the 8th month of development true or false
false this occurs at 4 months
81
what is the name of the cavity that forms between the two lateral plate layers?
Coelom
82
what does the coelom become?
serous body cavities
83
When does the fetal heart start pumping?
4 weeks

Anatomy (10 decks)

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