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TAS > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two foetal shunts that allow blood to move from left to right side of heart? Where are they?

A

Foramen ovale - between L and R atria
ductus arteriosus - between aorta and pulmonary artery

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2
Q

What is commonest form of ASD?

A

Patent foramen ovale
aka secundum

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3
Q

At what day does the heart start beating?

A

22

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4
Q

From what germ layer does the heart arise from?

A

mesoderm

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5
Q

what is the fossa ovalis?

A

A depression in the right atrium of the heart, at the level of the interatrial septum, this is where the foramen ovale was/is found

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6
Q

What is an ASD at the level of the mitral/ tricuspid valve called? (aka not in fossa ovalis?)

A

Ostium primum defects, or partial atrioventricular septal defects

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7
Q

what proportion of ASDs are primium defects? what are they a/w?

A

10 %
mitral regurg

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8
Q

Describe total anomalous pulmonary venous connections

A

none of the pulmonary veins connects with the left atrium

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9
Q

what causes dextracardia?

A

Heart tube twists to left rather than right in week 4-5

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10
Q

what is AVSD?

A

ostium primium defect with involvement of tricuspid valve and vsd

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11
Q

what condition does 80% of AVSDs occur in?

A

T21

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12
Q

what is the commonest type of congenital heart disease?

A

VSD

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13
Q

What are the types of VSD and how do they arise?

A

perimembranous- failure of sub endocardial tissue
muscular- excess cavitation of muscular tissue

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14
Q

How does truncus arteriosus arise?

A

Failure to divide the truncus arteriosus into the aorta and pulmonary trunk at 6-7 weeks

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15
Q

what other anomaly is always present with truncus arteriosus?

A

VSD

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16
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta associated with?

A

bicuspid aortic valve,
Turner’s syndrome,
renal anomalies
berry aneurysms.

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17
Q

What is coarctation of aorta and here commonly happens?

A

congenital narrowing or shelf-like obstruction of the aortic arch
distal to the left subclavian artery

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18
Q

What are congenital heart disease that are duct dependent for pulmonary flow?

A

Critical pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary atresia
Tricuspid atresia

19
Q

What are congenital heart disease that are duct dependent for systemic flow?

A

Coarctation of the aorta
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Interrupted aortic arch

20
Q

What is the anterior pituitary derived from?

A

Ectoderm, specifically Rathke’s pouch

21
Q

What is the posterior pituitary derived from?

A

neuroectoderm

22
Q

What gene causes development to male phenotype?

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome

23
Q

From where does the pancreas develop?

A

endodermal in origin, arising from the embryonic foregut

24
Q

when and how does the thyroid develop?

A

at four weeks’ gestation from an outpouching of the floor of the pharynx (the precursor of T4-producing follicular cells) and bilateral protrusions of the fourth pharyngeal pouches (which give rise to calcitonin-secreting cells)

25
Q

from where does the parathyroid gland originate?

A

originates from the third (two inferior glands) and fourth (two superior glands) branchial arches.

26
Q

how does the adrenal gand develop?

A

By the 7th and 8th weeks of gestation, the fetal adrenal cortex is invaded by sympathetic neural cells, which will come to form the medulla. The fetal adrenal cortex contains an outer definitive zone (site of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid synthesis) and a large fetal zone that synthesizes androgenic precursors for placental production of oestriol.

27
Q

What are the zones of the adrenal glands and what do they regulate?

A

outer -zona glomerulosa (15%) - mineralcorticoids mainly aldosterone
a middle zona fasciculata (75%) - glucocorticoids - cortisol
inner zona reticularis (10%) - androgens

28
Q

Describe CSF production flow and absorbtion

A

Produced by ependymal cell in the choroid plexi in the lateral ventricles of the brain. Exits through the intraventricular foramen of Munro, into the third ventricle, through the aqueduct of Sylvius into the fourth ventricle, then down the spinal cord and over the cerebral hemispheres. It is reabsorbed into the circulation via arachnoid villi.

29
Q

The forebrain (porsencephalon) becomes what?

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus, hypothalamus

30
Q

The midbrain (mesencephalon) becomes what?

A

Midbrain

31
Q

The hindbrain, rhombencephalon becomes what?

A

Pons, cerebellum, medulla

32
Q

What is the diference between meningocele and myelomeningocele?

A

fluid filled meningies protrued through spina bifida opening, in myelomeningocele neural tissue protrudes also.

33
Q

what results in anencephaly?

A

failure of closure of the anterior neuropore

34
Q

What arises from the foregut?

A

pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum

35
Q

What arises from the midgut?

A

duodenum distal to the entrance of the bile duct, the jejunum, ileum, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, and proximal two-thirds of the transverse colon.

36
Q

What arises from the hindgut?

A

distal colon and rectum

37
Q

Where does most duodenal atrasia occur?

A

ampulla of Vater

38
Q

What is Exomphalos?

A

midline defect of the anterior abdominal wall, where some of the organs lie outside the abdominal cavity in membranous sac.

39
Q

What is Gastroschisis?

A

abdominal muscles are normal but the stomach and intestines herniate through the anterior abdominal wall on the right-hand side of the umbilicus

40
Q

What is meckel’s diverticulum?

A

Common (2–4% of newborn infants) and occurs when the remnant of the omphalomesenteric duct does not fully regress and remains attached to the ileal mucosa (Fig. 14.3). The diverticulum contains gastric mucosa, which produces acid

41
Q

What is a midgut malrotation?

A

intestine lies in an abnormal position within the peritoneal cavity. It is subsequently at risk of torsion (volvulus) around the superior mesenteric artery axis. Malrotation is due to incomplete rotation of the gut contents during the first 11 weeks of embryogenesis.

42
Q

From where does the respiratory system arise?

A

An outgrowing of the foregut!

43
Q

What type of cells produce surfactant?

A

Type 2 alveolar cells

44
Q

By what shunt does foetal circulation (oxygenated blood retunring from placenta) bypass the liver?

A

Ductus venosus
Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

TAS (18 decks)

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