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embryology 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

aortic arch derivatives - develop

A

into arterial system

course through the pharyngeal arches

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2
Q

aortic arches - how many

A

6 pairs (1st-6th) but 5th regresses in human

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3
Q

aortic arch derivatives (adult structure)

embryonic structures is the arches (1-6

A

1st: part of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid)
2nd: stapedial artery and hyoid artery
3rd: common carotid and proximal part of internal carotid artery
4th: on left: aortic arch (between left common carotid artery and left subclavian). On right: proximal part of right subclavian artery
5th: regresses in human
6. proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus

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4
Q

left vs right recurrent laryngeal nerve according to course

A

right –> loops arround right subclavian

left –> loops around aortic arch, distal to ductus arteriosus

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5
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve are both (left + right) branches of

A

vagus

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6
Q

Branchial apparatus is aka

A

pharyngeal apparatus

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7
Q

Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus is an…/composed of/ origin

A

embryological structure composed of:

  1. branchial clefts (or grooves) - ectoderm
  2. branchial arches - mesoderm (muscle arteries) and neural crest (bones, cartilage)
  3. branchial pouches (endoderm)
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8
Q

branchial clefts is AKA

A

branchial groves

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9
Q

Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus - structure

A

mnemonic: CAP (from outside to inside)
outside - clefts - arch - pouch - inside
in the middle - pharyngeal floor

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10
Q

branchial arch - anatomy

A

outside upper: nerve
outside inner: artery
inner: cartilage

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11
Q

Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus composed of/ origin

A
  1. branchial clefts (or grooves) - ectoderm
  2. branchial arches - mesoderm (muscle arteries) and neural crest (bones, cartilage)
  3. branchial pouches (endoderm)
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12
Q

Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus - numbers

A

1-4 + 6

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13
Q

Branchial cleft derivatives

A

1st –> external auditory meatus

2st-4h –> temporary cervical sinus

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14
Q

temporary cervical sinus - fate

A

obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme

–> if persistent –> branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck, anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle

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15
Q

persistent brianchial cleft –> presentation/characteristics

A
  • branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck, anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • immobile during swallowing
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16
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 1st arch - cartilage

A
  1. Maxillary process –> Maxilla, zygomatic bone
  2. Mandibular process –> Meckel cartilage –> mandible
  3. Malleus and incus
  4. Sphenomandibular ligament
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17
Q

Sphenomandibular ligament connects

A

spenoid bone (spine) to lingula of the mandibular foramen

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18
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 1st arch - muscles

A
  1. Muscles of Mastication
  2. Mylohyoid (from the mandible to the hyoid bone)
  3. anterior belly of digastric
  4. tensor tympani
  5. tensor veli palatini
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19
Q

mastication muscle - function/names/innervation

A
  • 3 muscles close jaw (masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid)
  • 1 muscle open the jaw (lateral pterygoid)
    all V3 (mandibular)
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20
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 1st arch - nerves

A

CN V2 V3

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21
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 2nd arch - cartilage

Study These Flashcards
A

Reichert cartilage: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament

22
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 2nd arch - muscles

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Muscles of facial expression
  2. Stapedius
  3. stylohyoid
  4. platysma
  5. posterior belly of digastric
23
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 2nd arch - nerves

24
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 3rd arch - cartilage

Study These Flashcards
A

Greater horn of hyoid

25
bronchial arches derivatives - 3rd arch - muscles
stylopharyngeus | arches 3-4 form posterior 1/3 of tongue
26
bronchial arches derivatives - 3rd arch - nerves
CN IX
27
bronchial arches derivatives - 4-6th arch - cartilage
some of the larynx cargilages 1. arytenoids 2. crycoid 3. corniculate 4. cuneiform 5. thyroid cartilage
28
bronchial arches derivatives - 4-6th arch - muscles
4th --> most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator of veli palatini 6th --> all intrinsic muscles of larynx excet cricothyroid arches 3-4 form posterior 1/3 of tongue
29
bronchial arches derivatives - 4-6th arch - nerves
4th --> CN X (superior laryngeal branch) | 6th --> CN 10 (recurrent laryngeal branch)
30
abnormalities associated with Branchial arches
1. Pierre Robin sequence 2. Teacher Collins syndrome (both associated with 1st + 2nd arches)
31
Pierre Robin sequence - manifestations
1. micrognathia 2. glossoptosis 3. cleft palate 4. airway obstruction
32
Treacher Collins syndrome - manifestations
neural crest dysfunction --> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities
33
Branchial arches - tongue
arches 3-4 form posterior 1/3 of tongue
34
simple mnemomic about branchial arches
1. --> chew 2. --> smile 3. --> swallow 4. --> simply swallow 5. --> speak
35
special characteristic about branchial arch CNs
these are the only nerves with both motor and sensory components (except V2, only sensory)
36
branchial arches - digastric muscle
anterior belly --> 1st | posterior belly --> 2nd
37
branchial arches - hyoid bone, muscles ligmanets
Mylohyoid --> 1st lesser horn of hyoid, stylohoid muscle, Stylohyoid ligament--> 2nd Greater horn of hyoid --> 3rd
38
branchial arches - Ossicles
Malleus and incus --> 1st | stapes --> 2nd
39
Bronchial pouch derivatives - 1st pouch
1. middle ear cavity 2. eusatchian tube 3. mastoid ear cells (contributes to endoderm lined structures of ear)
40
Bronchial pouch derivatives - 2nd pouch
epithelial lining palatine tonsil
41
Bronchial pouch derivatives - 3rd pouch
1. dorsal wings -> INFERIOR parathryroids | 2. ventral wings -> thymus
42
Bronchial pouch derivatives - 4th pouch
1. dorsal wings --> SUPERIOR parathyroids 2. ventral wings --> ultimobranchial body - -> parafolicular C cells of thyroid
43
Thymuc aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome) - defect
22q11 deletion --> failure to develop 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches --> absent thymus and parathyroids
44
Thymuc aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome) - presentation
1. Tetany (hypocalcemia) 2. reccurent viral/fungal infections 3. conotruncal abnormalities (ef. tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus)
45
Thymuc aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome) - findings
1. decreased T-cells 2. decreased Parathormone --> decreased calcium 3. absent thymic shadow on CXR 4. 22q11 deletion detected by FISH 5. not well developed lymph node paracortex
46
Cleft lip - mechanism/presentation
failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal process (formation of 1ry palate) --> split in the upper lip on one or both sides of the centre
47
Cleft palate - mechanism
failure of fusion of the 2 lateral palatine shelves or failure of fusion of lateral palatine shelves with the nasal septum and/or median palatine shelf (formation of 2ry palate)
48
Cleft palate - presentation
a congenital split in the roof of the mouth.
49
Cleft palate + cleft lip
distinct multifactorial etiologies --> often occur togerther
50
drug that causes cleft palate
antiepileptic drugs | Vitamin A excess

Reproductive (20 decks)

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