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embryology Flashcards

1
Q 
ventral 
dorsal 
cranial 
caudal 
lateral 
sagittal 
coronal
A 
front
back 
top/head 
bottom/ tail end 
slide across horizontally 
slice down the front 
slice straight down
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2
Q

what are the two types of methods to test for pregnancy and how do they different

A

1) menstraual age
check from a woman last menstral cycle - three equal trimesters
2) fertilisation age - more accurate
there is a two week difference between last menstrual age and fertilisation age

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3
Q

what is the rate of brith defects in the Uk

A

1 in 44

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4
Q

when is the most vulnerable time for human broth defects

A

pre-natal - embryonic period around week 5

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5
Q

what is the most vulnerable system in foetus

A

CNS is sensitive during the whole gestation

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6
Q

what percentage of genetic defects are due to mitosis or meiosis

A

18%

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7
Q

what are some example of birth defects

A

downs syndrome, trisomy 21, extra chromosome 21, growth retardation, intellectual retardation

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8
Q

what percentages of birth defects are -
environmental
unknown
both

A

environ - teratogens
unk - 50%
both - 25%

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9
Q

what is TORCH

A 
Toxoplasmosis
Other - syphilis/parovirusB19
Rubella 
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Herpes
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10
Q

what is toxoplasmosis and what causes it

A

infection via parasite, cat faeces, under cooked meat - it is usually asymptomatic
in the foetus there is inflammation of retina and eye, hearing loss - hydrocephaly (fluid in brain pushes soul apart) microcephaly - brain forms smaller than usual

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11
Q

what is rubella and what causes it and how does it affect the baby

A

infection passes over placenta in first 3 months
could have MMR vaccine
in the foetus it causes cloudy cornea, intellectually disability - microcephaly

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12
Q

how does cytomegalovirus

A

virus that crosses placenta - infection via bodily fluid - usually asymptomatic
in foetus inflammation of retina, enlarged spleen or liver - mineral deposits on the brain eg calcium, microcephaly

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13
Q

how does herpes affect the foetus

A

herpes simplex and herpes zoster, varicella zoster = chicken pox - most dangerous between 13-20 weeks/ just before birth/ two days postpartum
causes skinless and scarring, limb hypolasia, microcephaly, visual defects

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14
Q

what is the ZV, how does zika virus effect a baby

A

can be got by mosquito - causes fever-rash-joint pain but could be asymptomatic
in the foetus it causes microcephaly and severe cognitive deficiencies

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15
Q

what was thalidomide and what is it used for now

A

developed in germany which was prescribed for morning sickness
now used to treat leprasy/HIV in brazil
caused shortened limbs in foetus

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16
Q

what is foetal alcohol syndrome

A

lots of alcohol consumption has been linked to foetal prenatal and postnatal growth retardation, intellectual disability, impaired motor ability and coordination

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17
Q

how does radiation affect the mum and the foetus

A

causes cell death or chromosome changes, CNS most affected - in first trimester
in the foetus causes microcephaly, mental and cognitive disabilities, haemopoiteic malignancies and leukaemia

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18
Q

what are the effects of diabetes mellitus

A

causes cellular structural defects, changes in cellular physiology
in the foetus it causes macrosomia (enlarged baby), ventricular septal defects (within heart), spina bifida (neural tube defect), renal agenesis (failure of mature kidney formation)

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19
Q

how do folic and deficiencies affect the mother and the foetus

A

malformations in the CNS, supplements reduce risks by 60%

in foetus neural tube defects, spina bifida, anencephaly (absence of major portion of the brain)

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20
Q

what is gameteogensis

A

production of spermatozoa or ovum

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21
Q

what does mitosis produce vs meiosis

A 
mitosis = diploid cell
meiosis = haploid cell
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22
Q

what happens during fertilisation

A

fusion of the male and female gamete to form zygote
there is capacitation of sperm (matured by secretions from vagina and cervix)
there is the acrosome reaction - breaks down the wall of the ovum causing the formation of a zygote
then there is fusion of the pronuclei

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23
Q

where does fertilisation most commonly occur

A

in the ampulla of the uterine tubes

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24
Q

what sweeps the oocyte into the uterine tube

A

fibrillae

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25
what occurs during the acrosome reaction
- Capacitated sperm pass through corona radiate (outer ovum), acrosome releases enzymes which allow sperm to penetrate zona pellucida, sperm penetration initiates cortical reaction which prevents other sperm penetrating the same ovum, zona pellucida becomes impenetrable
26
what happens to the zygote cells directly after fertilisation
no change in size but there is rapid cell division but the blastomeres get smaller
27
what is a morula
occurs around day 4 and is 16-32 cells large
28
what happens to the cells on day 5
they become a blastocyst
29
what are the cells called on the inner vs the outer of the blastocyst
inner cell mass = embryoblasts | outer cell mast is the placenta (trophoblasts)
30
describe the formation of the blastocyst
embryoblast cells form compact mass inside trophoblast cells for thin outer layer and fluid is taken in forming a cyst this occurs via osmosis (one of the two methods)
31
describe how the blastocyst implants onto the endometrium
blastocyst hatches and initiates implantation days 5-6 implants onto the uterine wall as wants to get nutrients the zona pellucid comes off before implantation
32
what do cytotrophblasts differentiate in to and what do they form
differentiate into synctiotrophblasts as get further away from the support layer around the embryo blasts
33
what do syntiotrophoblasts do
they implants into the uterine layer via fingerlike projections which bury into uterine lining and break it down via enzymes - this allows us to get nutrients
34
what role do syncytioblasts have in protection
they allow prevention of the immune response against blastocyst from the mother
35
why do syncsytioblasts have multiple nuclei
develop due to breakdown of cell membranes which makes the gaps even smaller so that immune cells cannot get through to the embryo
36
what do embryoblasts differentiate into
hypoblasts and epiblasts which make the embryo proper
37
when does transformation into the bilaminar disk occur
one week after fertilisation
38
what two layers make the bilaminar disk
epiblasts and hypoblasts
39
how is the dorsal and ventral axis established
epiblasts are dorsal and the hypoblasts are ventral
40
which axis does the zygote develop to the uterine lining
dorsal
41
how does the amniotic cavity form
forms as small fluid filled cavity in epiblast between epiblast and cytotrophoblasts - small but grows over a few week
42
what is the inner membrane of the cytotrophoblast cells called during full implantation
heusers membrane
43
what is the role of cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts in full implantation
cyto - grown into the support layer | sync - surround everything
44
during the process of full implantation how does the nutrition of the foetus change is source
before full implantation nutrients where provided by diffusion from the uterine gland but now trophoblastic lacunas form within the syncytiotrophoblast cells which hold nutrients
45
during full implantation a blood supply is formed but from where
uteroplacental circulation forms from the maternal capillaries
46
scar tissue forms after full implantation on the lining of the uterus what is this called
coagulation plug
47
describe the process of uteroplacental circulation creation during full implantation
syncytiotrophoblasts erodes the wall of maternal capillaries and blood leaks into the trophoblastic lacunas
48
when does uteroplacental circulation occur
occurs 4 weeks after last period which may cause some spotting and may be mistaken as a period if unaware of pregnancy
49
what is the extraembryonic mesoderm
wall of cells formed around the whole of the embryo outside of the hypoblasts but inside of the cytotrophoblasts - it continues to develop until it covers the whole amniotic cavity to form a new layer of connective tissue derived from the you sac
50
what is formed inside the extraembryonic cavity
chorionic cavity
51
what happens on day 1-3
cleavage - zygote cells divide - blastomere is smaller. 8 cells
52
what happens on day 4
``` morula formed (16-32 cells) inner mass = embryoblast - embryo proper outer cell mass trophoblast - placenta ```
53
day 5
blastocyst trophoblast - thin layer embryoblast - compact mass
54
day 6
blastocyst hatching + initiate implantation zona pellucida - blastocyst hatches implants uterine wall - endometrium
55
day 7
syncytiotrophoblasts invaginate uterine lining = implantation finger like projections enzymes break down lining
56
day 8
amniotic cavity in epiblast
57
day 9
hypoblast cells migrate and encase blastocyst cavity leading to formation of primary yolk sac syncytiotrophoblasts covers whole outside blastocyst trophoblastic lacuna = nutrients coagulation plug = scab heal uterine lining
58
day 10-11
syncytiotrophoblasts erode maternal capillary walls - uteroplacental circulation initially uterine gland provides nutrients extra embryonic mesoderm developing
59
day 11-12
yolk cells -> extraembryonic mesoderm | extraembryonic mesoderm covers amniotic cavity
60
day 12-13
extraembryonic mesoderm -> chorionic cavity | embryonic mesoderm falls between hypoblast cells (huessers membrane) + cytotrophoblasts
61
day 13
second wave of hypoblasts -> secondary yolk sac second wave push primary yolk sac out of way - remnants left there are now three cavities from left to right amniotic cavity primary yolk sac chorionic cavity
62
day 14
connecting stalk -> suspends amniotic cavity and secondary yolk sac connect embryo - uterine lining encompassed in placenta - form umbilical cord
63
day 14-15
primitive streak - start of gastrulation production of left and right axis ventral and dorsal cranial and caudal end
64
day 15
definitive endoderm - epiblast cells move to primitive streak and insert into hypoblast (replacing them)
65
day 16
``` three layers epiblast cells continue to move down primitive streak - the middle layer between epiblast and definitive endoderm = mesoderm the cells left behind are the ectoderm 1 - ectoderm 2 - mesoderm paraxial intermediate lateral 3 - definitive endoderm ```
66
day 17
notochordal process - primitive streak degenerates, cranial to caudal primitive node -> notochordal process -> fuses with endoderm -> notochordal plate notochordal plate then detaches from endoderm to form solid notochord
67
19-20
``` neural plate - neural folds caudal notochordal signals overlying ectoderm - neuroectoderm - neural plate - lateral edges raised - neural folds paraxial -> somites sclerotome - bone cartilage myotome - skeletal muscle dermatome - dermis ```
68
day 22
neural plate -> folds caudal neural folds fuse (cervical region: cranial - caudal fashion the neural tube separates from the ectoderm neural crest cells from lateral edge migrate ventrally and differentiate to form body structures
69
day 25
fusion anterior neuropore (cranial end) | froms brain
70
day 28
fusion posterior neuropore (caudal end) froms spinal cord 2 embryonic folding: lateral and cranio-caudal in 4th week
71
describe how HcG is made and why it is important in pregnancy
syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG helps maintain endometrium and may play a role in maternal immunotolerance good indicator of pregnancy via immunoassay from urine
72
what is ectopic pregnancy | give some examples
fertilisation and implantation in an abnormal site - occurs in 2% of pregnancies 9% related to deaths of mother fertilised egg can implant in ampulla, middle or end of uterine tube. Can also escape to abdominal cavity (mesentery)
73
what is placenta previa
zygote implants in the uterus but the uterus is too far down so covers the cervix - the support structures develop over the birth canal - therefore the baby has to develop via C section
74
where do most ectopic pregnancies occur
80% occur in the uterine tube
75
what can ectopic pregnancy be confused for
if in right uterine tube can be mistaken for appendicitis
76
what is lithopedion
stone child if abdominal pregnancy occurs and the foetus dies - when it is too large to be broken down it calcifies (thought to protect mother from necrotic tissue)
77
what is hydatidifrom mole
rapid development without any embryonic tissue so only trophoblasts fertilisation occurs with egg lacking a nucleus suggests parental genes favour formation of trophoblasts at expense of embryo
78
what is situs invertus why can it be bad or harmless
the major in organs in the body are reversed | partial situs inversus causes problems such as dextrocardia, oxygenated blood gos to lungs and deox to body
79
what is kartenger syndrome
cilia swept in the wrong direction causing cells to grow on the wrong side of the body
80
what does the mesoderm ectoderm endoderm form
meso - skeletal muscle, some smooth muscle, heart, blood vessels part of GI, reproductive system ecto - CNS, spinal cord, epidermis, PNS endo - epithelial lining of GI tract, glands, rest of urinary system
81
what is sirenomelia
gastrulation finishes early - insufficient mesoderm formed in caudal region of embryo causing abnormalities of lower limbs and uterogenital system legs stuck together
82
what is sacrococcygeal teratoma
too much mesoderm forms - most common tumour in the new-born.. 80% occur in females - good prognosis after resection
83
what is spina bifida
it is abnormal indication of sclerotomes | vertebral arch not formed - tuft of hair grows in the back where there is not spinal cord
84
what is meningocele vs myelomenigocele
failure of vertebral arch to form causing release of meninges causing a hernia bulb protruding out of the back but there is no neural tissue mylo - neural tissue present outside of the body but can be repaired inside womb at 20 weeks
85
what induces neuraltion and what is it
induced by signals from the notochord which causes thickening of overlying ectoderm which gives rise to the neural plate lateral edges form neural folds which form with the midline to form neural tube begins around cervical region and continues cranially and caudally as the folds fuse it separates from the ectoderm somites forms vertebral arches which will turn into vertebrae
86
why is folic acid good in pregnancy
reduces chances of spina bifida by 50-70%
87
what is anencephaly
failure of he anterior neuropore to fuse - fore brain does not form so cognition, memory, speech, vision, hearing is affected usually causes still birth
88
what is rachischisis
failure of posterior neuropore to fuse - spinal cord does not form properly causing paralysis - motor and sensory disfunction - neural tube open to environment leads go high chance of infection
89
what is neurofibromatosis
genetic condition caused by mutated neurofibromin 1 gene NF1 is tumour suppressor gene switched off in neurofibromatosis leading to increase cell division - benign tumours of the nervous stem skin and cranial bones
90
what is ectopia cordis
lateral folds fail to fure in throaic region leading to heart outside body - breast bone doesn't form correctly so need protective wear until it does can have heart outside of the body
91
what is gastroschisis
lateral fold fail to fuse in abdominal region - intestine outside the body wall

IMS (20 decks)

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