extra test 3 questions

Question 1

what does thymine pair with

Answer 1

adenine

Question 2

the normal chromosome diploid number is

Answer 2

46

Question 3

what is the symbol for turner syndrome

Answer 3

45 XO

Question 4

what does spontaneous abortion have as a shape

Answer 4

triangle

Question 5

what genetically is haemophilia A

Answer 5

X linked recessive

Question 6

which complement protein in the alternative pathway is associated with auto activation

Answer 6

C3

Question 7

which pathway is triggered by sugars on pathogen

Answer 7

lectin mannose pathway

Question 8

oligomers of which protein from the pore through bacterial membranes as part of the membrane attack complex

Answer 8

C9

Question 9

where would you expect to find iC3b

Answer 9

on the wall of bacterial cell

Question 10

what is the difference between resting and primed macrophages

Answer 10

primed macrophages express more MHC class 2 and take up larger objects in phagocytosis

Question 11

what stimulates primed macrophages to be hyperactive

Answer 11

IFN-Y and LPS from gram negative bacteria

Question 12

which cytokines are released by hyperactive macrophages

Answer 12

TNF IL-1

Question 13

what molecule on endothelia cells binds to neutrophils

Answer 13

selectin

Question 14

which Ig is commonly found in the GI tract and respiratory tract

Answer 14

IgA

Question 15

what are the main three types of T cell

Answer 15

Tc
Th
regulatory T

Question 16

what does the T cell receptor bind to in activation

Answer 16

binds to antigen MHC complex and CD28

Question 17

what is clonal deletion

Answer 17

if there is a mistake during development of B cell or T cell then they will trigger themselves to die so that clone dies

Question 18

what are two roles of glial cells

Answer 18

regulate neurone metabolism and function
repair and recovery from injury
form and regulate blood brain barrier

Question 19

which cells myelinate in the PNS

Answer 19

schwaan cells

Question 20

what two factors contribute to negative resting potential

Answer 20

uneven distribution of ions and selective permeability of the membrane

Question 21

what is a ganglion

Answer 21

cluster of cell bodies in the PNS

Question 22

which proteins make up the A band

Answer 22

actin and myosin

Question 23

where are thin filaments anchored

Answer 23

to the Z lines

Question 24

which proteins count as thin filaments

Answer 24

actin, troponin and tropomyosin

Question 25

what two things are required for contraction

Answer 25

Ca and ATP

Question 26

what type of receptor is the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

Answer 26

voltage gated ion channel

Question 27

what is a quantum of ACh

Answer 27

vesicle containing ACh

Question 28

in Lambert eaton syndrome which part of the NMJ is affected

Answer 28

autoantibodies stop Ca influx in presynaptic knob

Question 29

in myasthenia graves which part of the NMJ is affected

Answer 29

nicotinic receptors are targeted by autoantibodies

Question 30

what is the role of myosin kinase in smooth muscle

Answer 30

phosphorylates myosin allowing cross brides to occur between actin and myosin

Question 31

where are pacemaker cells located

Answer 31

SA node

Question 32

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 32

abnormal thickening of heart muscle

Question 33

what is the kayrotype for down syndrome edwards syndrome turners syndrome

Answer 33

trisomy 21 trisomy 18 45 X

Question 34

what are these conditions 47 XXY trisomy 13

Answer 34

kleinfelter syndrome | patau syndrome

Question 35

what are sister chromatids

Answer 35

copies of each chromosomes by replication in meiosis

Question 36

what is an allele

Answer 36

a variant gene

Question 37

how many autosomes are there

Answer 37

44 (22 pairs)

Question 38

how many sex chromosomes are in a gamete

Answer 38

1

Question 39

what is the name of the cap at the end of a chromosome

Answer 39

telomere

Question 40

what stage in replication are chromosomes visible from a microscope

Answer 40

metaphase

Question 41

why do greater number of mutation in children occur with paternal age

Answer 41

greater number of germ cell divisions

Question 42

what percentage of down syndrome cases are due to all trisomy 21

Answer 42

94%

Question 43

if a parent has an autosomal dominant condition what are the chance the child will inherit it

Answer 43

1 in 2 as half of the children will inherit the mutation

Question 44

if both parents are recessive what are the chances the offspring are affected

Answer 44

1 in 4

Question 45

what is an acquired cytogenetic abnormality

Answer 45

a genetic change associated with neoplastic or cancer diseases

Question 46

what does a restriction endonuclease do

Answer 46

cuts double stranded DNA at a specific palindromic sequence

Question 47

what method could you use to identify a mutation

Answer 47

sanger chain termination sequencing

Question 48

in FISH what does hybridisation mean

Answer 48

base pairing of comp DNA that bind single strands of DNA together

Question 49

which class of immunoglobulin is secreted in a pentameric form

Answer 49

IgM

Question 50

the CD4 is a co stimulator in activation of which cells

Answer 50

T helper cells

Question 51

what happens to t cells in the thymus

Answer 51

positive and negative selection in the medulla

Question 52

how do APC present antigens

Answer 52

digest antigens in endoscopes and present via MHC class two to a CD4+ t cell

Question 53

what is the role of NK cells

Answer 53

involved in immunosurveillance release perforins and trigger apoptosis express MHC1

Question 54

cushings disease is used to describe what

Answer 54

an individual with pituitary tumour secreting ACTH

Question 55

what can be the effect of hypo/hyper thyroid

Answer 55

increased or decreases weight

Question 56

what does raised LH in a man indicate

Answer 56

primary testicular problem

Question 57

what are leydig cells do

Answer 57

found in the testicles and produce testosterone

Question 58

what factors affect absorption

Answer 58

gastrointestinal mobility particle size food

Question 59

what does first pass metabolism involve

Answer 59

a reduction in drug concentration before it reaches systemic circulation

Question 60

which neurotransmitter do adrenergic receptors respond to

Answer 60

NA

Question 61

what is atenolol

Answer 61

selective to B1