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Neuro > Embryology Meninges And Ventricular System > Flashcards

Embryology Meninges And Ventricular System Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of meninges

A

Series of CT layers that surround the brain and spinal cord to protect them. We find 3 layers:
● Dura mater
● Arachnoid mater
● Pia mater

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2
Q

Origin of the meninges

A

Mesoderm and neural crest cells

(mesenchymal: NCC will form the mesenchyme that surrounds the spinal cord and brain as they develop, forming the meninges)

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3
Q

Dura mater developes from

A

Ectomeninx

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4
Q

Pia and arachnoid mater develope from

A

Endomeninx

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5
Q

Location dura mater

A

Encasing the brain and continuous with the same dural sac that encloses the spinal cord

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6
Q

What nerve is encased by the dura mater?

A

Optic nerve (it may become compressed when pressure increases in the brain, as neither dura mater nor the skull are distensible)

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7
Q

Artery that irrigates the meninges and gives branches in the cranium.

A

Middle meningeal artery

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8
Q

Course of the middle meningeal artery

A

In between bone and dura mater to supply meninges and bone; its branches make impressions on the calvaria

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9
Q

Difference cranial dura mater and spinal dura mater

A

Cranial dura has 2 layers and spinal dura has only 1

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10
Q

Layers of cranial dura

A

Outer periosteal layer: lines the cranium internally and become continuous with the periosteum at the foramen magnum.

Inner meningeal layer: continuous with the dural sac, creates venous sinuses (forms 2 layer reflections) and septa (formed by 2 layers)

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11
Q

Cells in each dural layer

A

Periosteal layer: a few fibroblasts and is mostly fibers + contains the blood vessels

Meningeal dura: also has abundant collagen and more fibroblasts.

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12
Q

Dural border cell layer / Plane of structural weakness

A

Additional subyacent layer to meningeal and periosteal ones which is slightly different (slightly different fibroblasts) and is in contact with meningeal layer.

Hemorrhage: blood leakes in this area —> dissects the 2 upper layers from arachnoid —> Subdural space can be formed = new pathological space (dura - arachnoid)

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13
Q

Dural reflections or septa

A

Falx cerebri
Falx cerebelli
Tentorium cerebeli
Diaphragm sellae

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14
Q

Falx cerebri: plane, attachment, location

A

Sagittal plane
Attached to Crista galli
Dura extends from anterior to posterior and partially separates both hemispheres

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15
Q

Falx cerebelli: plane, location

A

Sagittal plane
Separates the lobes of cerebellum

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16
Q

Tentorium cerebeli: plane, location, shape

A

Horizontal plane
Separates the brain and cerebellum
Triangular shape

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17
Q

Diaphragm sellae: location

A

Separates the infundibulum from the gland itself, covering the sella turcica

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18
Q

Venous sinuses definition

A

Space left as the meningeal dura invaginates to form the reflections, through which venous blood flows along, towards the jugular vein.

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19
Q

Dura mater vs brain parenchyma innervation

A

Dura mater is very innervated by sensory fiber (acute pain)
Brain parenchyma barely has any innervation (doesn’t hurt)

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20
Q

Cranial dura mater innervation

A

V1 (ophthalmic nerve branches: branches from ant ethmoidal nerves & tentorial nerve)
V2 and V3 meningeal branches
C2 and C3 branches

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21
Q

V1(branches of ophthalmic nerve) innervates…

A

Falx cerebri anteriorly (ant ethmoidal nerves branches).

Falx cerebri posteriorly (Tentorial nerve)

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22
Q

V2 and V3 meningeal branches innervates…

A

Middle cranial fossa region (neuronal bodies in trigeminal ganglion)

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23
Q

Branches of C2 and C3 innervates…

A

Inf post cranial fossa (penetrate via jugular canal, foramen magnum,… but belong to cervical level —> body in dorsal root ganglia)

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24
Q

Dural venous sinuses

A

Superior longitudinal/sagittal sinus (SSS)
Inferior longitudinal/sagittal sinus (ISS)
Straight venous sinus
Transverse venous sinus
Cavernous sinus

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25
Q

What drains into superior longitudinal/sagital sinus (SSS)?

A

Veins from falx cerebri

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26
Q

Veins from falx cerebri drain into

A

Superior longitudinal/sagittal (SSS) sinus

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27
Q

What drains into straight venous sinus?

A

Deep cerebral veins (Great cerebral vein or vena de galeno)

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28
Q

Where do the deep cerebral veins (Great cerebral vein or vena de galeno) drain into?

A

Straight venous sinus

29
Q

Transverse venous sinus is continuos with

A

Internal jugular vein

30
Q

Point where the dural venous sinuses join

A

Confluence of the sinuses

31
Q

Layers of arachnoid mater

A

Central layer
Trabecular layer

32
Q

Components of the central layer of arachnoid mater

A

Arachnoid barrier cells, lining and in contact with the dura border cells

33
Q

Components of the trabecular layer of arachnoid mater

A

Trabeculae: modified fibroblasts w/ cell body at middle + expansions going —> arachnoid barrier cells & pia mater. However there are spaces between them = SUBARACHNOID SPACE

34
Q

Subarachnoid space is filled with

A

CSF

35
Q

What are the subarachnoid spaces?

A

Spaces between trabeculae from trabeculae layer of the arachnoid mater

36
Q

Pia mater is found…

A

Surrounding the blood vessels in the subarachnoid space an accompaning the arteries to a certain distance within the parenchyma of the brain.

37
Q

Epidural space: definition, location, components

A

Virtual space in the brain that appears only in pathological situations

Superficial to dura mater, continuos with periosteum, only in vertebral canal

Adipose tissue and venous plexuses

38
Q

Subdural space: definition, characteristic

A

Virtual space, only present in pathological situations.

There is a plane of weakness where dura mater can detach from arachnoid = abnormal subdural space

39
Q

Subarachnoid space: definition, location, characteristics

A

Functional space in the brain and spinal cord, surrounding it.

Between pia and arachnoid mater.

It forms expansions (cisterns) where the CSF accumulates

40
Q

Epidural hematoma

A

Expands from suture to suture, has the image of a convex lens, presses against brain

41
Q

Subdural hemorrhages

A

Borders much more regular

42
Q

Subarachnoid hematoma

A

Extend within the brain parenchyma

43
Q

Cerebral cisterns definition

A

Areas where there is more subarachnoid space, filled with CSF

44
Q

Cerebral cisterns

A

Cisterna magna
Prepontine cistern

45
Q

Cisterna magna location

A

Dorsal to the medulla oblongata, between it and cerebellum

46
Q

Prepontine cistern location

A

Inferior to the pons

47
Q

How is the brain accommodated in the cranium?

A

Suspended by the trabeculae of the arachnoid mater and floating within a chamber of fluid (CSF)

48
Q

Ventricles formation

A

Neural tube has a central canal. As the brain expands, it forms vesicles, which still contain canals within them. As they expand, the spaces also expand with them, forming ventricles.

49
Q

Initially brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

50
Q

Further divisions of prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon

A

Prosencephalon —> telencephalon (rostral most) + diencephalon

Mesencephalon —> =

Rhombencephalon —> Cerebellum and Pons + Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

51
Q

Ventricles within each structure

A
  • Telencephalon —> lateral ventricles
    -Diencephalon —> 3rd ventricle
  • Mesencephalon —>Cerebral aqueduct (the space narrows so we don’t call it ventricle but canal)
  • Pons —> 4th ventricle
  • Medulla —> spinal canal (space narrows once again)
52
Q

Telencephalic (lateral) ventricles development

A

They extend rostrally, sup & post, and then back inf to form a C shape. The lat ventricle will subdivide = 1st and 2nd ventricles.

53
Q

Lateral ventricles are connected to the 3rd ventricle through…

A

Interventricular foramen

54
Q

Interventricular foramen connects … to …

A

Lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

55
Q

3rd vesicle: location and description

A

Between the 2 diencephalic vesicles

Single, much flatter ventricle

56
Q

Cerebral aqueduct (Silvian aqueduct) definition

A

Connection between 3rd and 4th ventricles

57
Q

4th ventricle: development, location, dorsal view

A

It narrows again as it goes to form the spinal canal.

It’s continuous with the canal of the spinal cord.

(by removing the cerebellum) we can see 3 formaina (Magendie and Luschka) from which fluid passes from the ventricular system to the subarachnoid space

58
Q

Foramina of Magendie and Luschka development

A

A medial elevation forms, called the medial diverticulum→ site for the foramen of Magendie (1, Medial)

2 lateral diverticulums form and rupture → site for foramen of Luschka (2, Lateral)

59
Q

When do foramina of Magendie and Luschka form?

A

By the end of the 1st trimester of gestation

60
Q

Foramina of Magendie and Luschka location

A

They perforate laterally the 4th ventricle

61
Q

Foramina of Magendie and Luschka function

A

Through them, the CSF can pass to the subarachnoid space, brain and spinal cord. From the subarachnoid, the fluid will drain mostly into the superior longitudinal sinuses and from there, into general circulation.
(Subarachnoid→ Sinuses → int Jugular vein (gª circulation))

62
Q

CSF composition vs blood plasma

A

CSF contains + Na+, Cl-, Mag2+
CSF contains - K+, Ca2+, glucose and proteins

63
Q

Where is CSF produced?

A

CSF is produced by epithelial specializations, choroid epithelial cells of the choroid plexuses, which are located in the ventricles.

64
Q

Location choroid plexus

A

Ant, inf and post area of the lateral ventricles

We also see them in the 4th ventricle

65
Q

Formation of the choroid plexus

A

An artery penetrates into the the ependyma in the ventricles (ependymal cells line the ventricles). Specializations form as very thin threads, with a core that contains the vessels and lined by cells which are initially ependymal but undergo specialization, transforming into choroid cells.

66
Q

Choroid cells function

A

Control the flow of ions and metabolites into the CSF by selective transport

67
Q

Glomus choroideum definition

A

Enlarged area, posteriorly in lateral ventricles, where there will also be a larger cluster of choroid plexuses.

68
Q

Drainage of the CSF

A

Through Arachnoid villi which pierce the meningeal dura and enter the venous sinuses. In this way, the CSF will be drained as it contacts venous blood.

The CSF is being constantly renewed.

69
Q

Clinical implications of CSF drainage

A

If the flow is interrupted at any point of the system, there’ll be accumulation of fluid in the brain and an abnormal dilation of the ventricles.
Ex: obstructive hydrocephalus

Neuro (23 decks)

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