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Motor Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Motor cortices

A

Primary motor cortex
Supplementary motor area
Pre-supplementary motor area
Premotor area
Posterior parietal cortex

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2
Q

Brodmann areas

A

Area 4→ primary motor cortex
Area 6→ supplementary motor cortex and premotor area
Area 5→ post parietal cortex, imm. post to 1ª sens cortex
Areas 1, 2, 3 —> primary sensory cortex

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3
Q

Area 6 is composed of

A

2 motor areas:
- supplementary motor area (more dorso-medial)
- premotor area (ventrolateral).

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4
Q

1ary motor cortex is responsible for

A

Sending the motor order towards the anterior horn of the spinal cord

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5
Q

Primary motor area characteristics

A

Somatotopic distribution - represented by motor humunculus

Firing rate of each individual neuron correlates w/ muscle force exerted

Kinematic of the movement is coded in M1 by a neuronal population ___

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6
Q

Motor humunculus represents

A

Areas of precentral gyrus that control voluntary muscles in the body.

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7
Q

Sensory humunculus represents

A

Somatotopic distribution of info reaching the postcentral gyrus from different bodily parts

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8
Q

In primary motor cortex we codify

A

Simple movements corresponding to regions of the body, not single muscles

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9
Q

Direction of movement is determined by

A

A group of neurons (not a single one)

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10
Q

Vascularization of primary motor cortex

A

Lateral aspect (face and upper limb): middle cerebral art

Medial aspect (lower limb): anterior cerebral artery

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11
Q

Aneurysm in anterior cerebral artery =

A

problems that affect the leg

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12
Q

Aneurysm In the middle cerebral artery =

A

problems that affect face, eye, arms,..

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13
Q

2ary motor areas (SMA and premotor cortex) is responsible for

A

“Preparing” for movement (coordinated movements, tasks)

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14
Q

Sequence of events when we make a movement

A

1st we decide that we want to move (prefrontal cortex)

We chose what movement we want to perform (2ary motor, preparation)

Execute the response (1ary motor, execution)

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15
Q

Inputs to the cortex

A

1ary motor cortex: from 1ary somatosensory cortex (for reflex responses), cerebellum, post parietal areas & 2ary motor areas

2ary motor cortex: from basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex (bc before any preparation takes place, 1st we decide to move) & post parietal areas

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16
Q

Cortex receives input from

A

Thalamus and other cortical areas (EXCEPT olfaction, which goes directly to the cortex)

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17
Q

All projections from the cerebellum and basal ganglia go to

A

The cortex by first passing through the thalamus

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18
Q

Cerebellum helps

A

movements be precise (rojects mostly to 1ª motor cortex

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19
Q

Info from cerebellum reach the cortex by

A

Synapsing on thalamus (at VL and VPL nuclei)

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20
Q

Basal ganglia are involved in

A

Preparatory processes (inputs for the 2ary motor areas)

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21
Q

Info from cerebellum will reach basal ganglia by

A

Synapsing on the thalamus (in VPL and VA)

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22
Q

Supplementary areas participates in

A

Preparation of self-initiated movements (specially when movements comprise 2 body sides and are + complex).

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23
Q

Preparatory processes which take place in SMA give rise to

A

Slow potential, pre-movement potential which comes in as a wave.

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24
Q

Lesion to supplementary motor area

A

Akinesia = NO self-induced movements
(YES reflexes and stimulus-induced movements)

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25
Premotor cortex is involved in
Stimulus-induced movements Aiding control of proximal axial musculature and distal musculature precision movements
26
Premotor cortex subregions
Dorsal lateral: involved in delayed actions Ventral lateral: adapts the hand to the shape of the object we are holding.
27
Posterior parietal cortex is
The interphase between visual stimuli - motor executions
28
Posterior parietal cortex is involved in
Stimulus-induced movements, specifically movements guided by visual info Transforming visual information into motor responses (2ª + 1ª motor cortices —> prepare & execute them)
29
Pre-SMA and motor learning projects to
SMA (area very relevant for motor learning)
30
Once we learn a movement, we begin to use
SMA
31
When we learn a movement we use
pre-SMA
32
Once a movement is fully automated, after having done it several times→ we’ll be using
1ary motor cortex
33
Mirror system is activated when
One performs an action, or when they see someone else perform said action
34
Mirror system is involved in
Empathy Imitation (learning to speak)
35
Mirror system is related to an area located in
Broca's area
36
Motor tracts to spinal cord
Corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Olivospinal tract Tectospinal tract
37
Fibers in rubrospinal tract are
Mostly crossed
38
Tectospinal tract
Sup colliculus to spinal cord Helps adjust head position, turn our head upon visual inputs, sound or other inputs
39
Olivospinal tract
Only in cervical region
40
Corticospinal tract
Neurons go from cortex to spinal cord, to activate ant horn motor neurons
41
Corticospinal tract decussates at the level of
Pyramids in the medulla of the brainstem
42
Pyramidal cells sypansis
Excitatory Inhibitory Corticospinal pathway act some neurons while inhibiting others —> to perform movements & reflexes correctly. (in ant horn of spinal cord)
43
Function corticospinal pathway
Keeps the reflex movements under control and is in charge of MOVEMENT PRECISION
44
Lesion to corticospinal pathway
Lost of voluntary precision movements, still preserve the force of the movements. Reflexes become heightened
45
Divisions of corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal pathway (20%) Lateral corticospinal pathway (80%)
46
Pathway followed by the corticospinal tract
Neurons project from cortex - come together (int capsule) - begin to descend to spinal cord. (Small part of int capsule is formed by corticonuclear pathway = projections from cortex that synapse at brainstem nuclei) Midbrain: int capsule enters crus cerebri. Pons: tract becomes scattered (pontocerebellar nuclei). But it all re-joins at the level of the medulla = pyramids 80% of tract decussat. at pyramids (pyramids decussation) = lat corticospinal pathway. 20% continue descending along ant corticospinal pathway —> decussate at corresponding level of spinal cord.
47
1st, upper motor neuron axon forms
Corticospinal pathway
48
2nd, lower motor neuron axon forms
The nerve fiber
49
Strength depends on
2nd motor neuron
50
Precision depends on
1st motor neuron
51
Reflexes depend on
Lower motor neuron; the control and regulation of this reflex depend on the upper motor neuron
52
Lesion the first motor neuron causes
Exacerbated reflexes —> clonus Loss of precision (strength is conserved) Increase muscle tone —> spasticity
53
Lesion the 2nd (lower) motor neuron
Reflexes are abolished Loss of strength —> (eventually) muscle atonía No basal muscle tone
54
Vestibulospinal tract
Direct projections from vestibular nuclei to axial muscles
55
Vestibulospinal tract function
Keep balance
56
Rubrospinal tract
Projections from the red nuclei in the midbrain to the spinal cord.
57
Red nucleus receives
Sup cerebellar peduncle fibres from cerebellum.
58
In rubrospinal tract, fibers mostly go to
Upper limb
59
Rubrospinal tract functions
Helps make the necessary adjustments to do movements with our hands
60
Reticulospinal tract
The cerebellum connects with reticular nuclei in the brainstem, and then fibres from it descend to spinal cord
61
Reticulospinal tract function
Involved in posture control and axial muscle adjustments
62
Corticonulear pathway
To nuclei of the brainstem (gives CN). Also descends down int capsule —> synapses on brainstem. Connections between cortex - nuclei in the brainstem = mostly bilateral (there are exceptions)
63
Exceptions of bilateral innervation
Projections to XI CN = only ipsilateral Projections to soft palate & uvula = mostly contralateral Inferior part of the face = mostly contralateral Glossal muscle (protrudes the tongue) is innervated by XII CN = contralateral
64
Lesions to the XII and X CN
Peripheral lesion: tongue (XII) deviate to SAME side, uvula (X) opposite side of lesion Central lesion (prior to decussation, in corticonuclear tract): tongue (XII) will deviate to opposite side, uvula (X) towards side of lesion

Neuro (23 decks)

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