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Neuro > Hippocampus & Memory > Flashcards

Hippocampus & Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

Cognitive function that allows us to encode, store and retrieve experience and info

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2
Q

Memory systems

A

Short term (operative)
Long term (implicit and explicit)

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3
Q

Implicit memory

A

Can not be verbalized

  • PRS
  • Procedimental learning
  • Conditioning
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4
Q

Perceptual representation system (PRS) - characteristics

A

Subconscious sensory learning
Not affected by age or neurodegeneration
Automatic
Long duration
Independent from processing level
Influenced by perceptual aspects

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5
Q

Perceptual representation system (PRS) - localization

A

Occipital lobe (visual)
Perisylvian cortex (auditory)

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6
Q

Procedimental learning

A

Learning motor behaviours and motor skills by training

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7
Q

Procedimental learning - localization

A

Basal ganglia, cerebellum, premotor and motor cortex, amygdala,…

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8
Q

Explicit memory

A

Acquired by reading or through explanation

  • Semantic memory
  • Episodic memory
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9
Q

Semantic memory

A

Acquisition (verbal or visual) of concepts, word meanings & general knowledge.

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10
Q

Semantic memory - characteristics

A

Not linked to acquisition context

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11
Q

Semantic memory - localization

A

Tertiary sensory cortex - associative cortex

(Stored around the whole of the brain but it has to pass through hippocampus)

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12
Q

Episodic memory

A

Storage of life experiences. Auditory and visual.

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13
Q

Episodic memory - characteristics

A

Linked to acquisition context
High diagnostic yield

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14
Q

Episodic memory - localization

A

Prefrontal cortex
Limbic system (emotions)

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15
Q

Operative memory - characteristics

A

Retain verbal and spatial info
Retrieve and activate info from long term memory
Recruit congnitive sources
Aids in attention
If distracted, they disappear

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16
Q

Operative memory - localization

A

Frontal, parietal, perisylvian and occipital cortex

17
Q

Operative memory - subsystems

A

Central executive (directs attention)
Phono-logical loop (words & numbers by repeating them)
Visuospacial sketch pad (localizat & visual characteristics of an object)

18
Q

Memory system delopment

A

1º PRS
2º implicit memory
3º explicit memory

19
Q

Memory processes

A

1º stimulus —> record it
2º encode the info (put the info in context of previous info)
3º info is stored (enters long-term memory)
4º to remember: retrieve the info
(5º consolidation: fix into our minds —> sleep)

20
Q

Two main structures involved in encoding, consolidation and storage

A

Prefrontal cortex —> working memory
Hippocampus —> explicit memory storage

21
Q

Cellular and molecular mechanism of explicit memory in prefrontal cortex

A

Working memory requires persistent neural act in here
- at a single neuron level: keep firing
- at a circuit level: form a loop

22
Q

Cellular and molecular mechanism of explicit memory in hippocampus

A

Long-term explicit memory consolidation depends on synaptic circuits in the hippocampus.

It begins and ends at Entorhinal cortex:
- Entorhinal cortex -> CA1 -> subiculum -> cortex
- Entorhinal cortex -> dentate n -> CA3 -> CA1 -> subiculum -> cortex

23
Q

Hippocampus is located in

A

Deep temporal lobes

24
Q

Hippocampus proper

A

CA1, CA2, CA3 and CA4

25
Q

Hippocampal formation

A

Hippocampus proper
Dentate gyrus (related to hippocampus but not part of hippocampus itself)
Subiculum

26
Q

Have 3 layers

A

Hippocampus and dentate nucleus

27
Q

Has 5 layers

A

Entorhinal

28
Q

In the hippocampus info is

A

Encoded

29
Q

Stratus Alveus

A

4th later in the hippocampus, formed by the fimbriae, that will form the fornix

30
Q

Fornix

A

Source of output and input for the hippocampus (serotonine, NA, Ach, dopamine)

31
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP)

A

Processes involved in storing info for a long time (in hippocampus)

32
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP) - common features

A
  • Neural mechanisms at a monosynaptic level
  • Make synapses stronger (remembering)
  • NMDA receptors (ionic channels that work on glutamate)
33
Q

Long term potentiation (LTP) - variations

A

Presynaptic potentiation = more neurotransmitters
Postsynaptic potentiation = more receptors

34
Q

Early LTP

A

Increase the number of receptors or increase NT
Fast mechanisms
Allows storage for hours

35
Q

Late LTP

A

Act on transcription factors, … —> new receptors, additional synaptic connections (epigenetic changes, acting on DNA)

Memories for a very very long time (support implicit and explicit memory)

Neuro (23 decks)

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