Ret Formation And Hypothalamun

Question 1

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 1

Melatonine

Question 2

External references to locate the hypothalamus

Answer 2

Fornix
Anterior commisure
Lamina terminalis
Optic chiasm and optic nerve
Hypophysis

Question 3

Line between anterior and posterior commisures

Answer 3

Intercommissural line

Question 4

Limits of the hypothalamus

Answer 4

Rostral - lamina terminalis
Caudal - midbrain & mamillary bodies
Dorsal - hypothalamic sulcus
Ventral - skull base
Medial - III ventricle
Lateral - substantia innominata & post limb of int capsule

Question 5

Internal capsule function

Answer 5

Confers the fibres coming from the motor cortex towards the brainstem

Question 6

Regions of the hypothalamus

Answer 6

Preoptic area
Lateral
Medial: quismatic, tuberal, mamillary
Preventricular

Question 7

Preoptic area includes

Answer 7

Preoptic nuclei: lateral and medial. It regulates sleeping.

Question 8

Lateral region includes

Answer 8

Medial forebrain bundle: bunch of fibers that communicates the diencephalon with midbrain, etc. Related to emotions

Dispersed neurons: orexin producing neurons/hypocretin (sleep regulation and food intake), lateral hypothalamic nucleus and tuberal nucleus

Question 9

Chiasmatic region nucleus

Answer 9

Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus → ADH
Anterior nucleus
Paraventricular nucleus → ADH

Question 10

Tuberal region nucleus

Answer 10

Arcuate nucleus
Ventromedial nucleus
Dorsomedial nucleus

Question 11

Mamillary region nucleus

Answer 11

Mammillary nuclei
Posterior nucleus

Question 12

Location of tuberal region

Answer 12

Just above the infundibulum of the hypophysis

Question 13

Suprachiasmatic nucleus regulates

Answer 13

Circadian rhythms

Question 14

Visceral afferents to the hypothalamus

Answer 14

Visceral sensory nucleus in the brain stem (main one: nucleus of the solitary tract)

Spinal cord

Question 15

Visceral efferents from hypothalamus

Answer 15

Visceral motor nuclei brainstem
Visceral motor structures in the spinal cord
Other structures related to regulation of blood pressure, etc

Question 16

Mammillothalamic tract

Answer 16

Hipocampus - Fornix - mamillary nuclei- ant thalamus nucleus

Question 17

Circuit for memory consolidation

Answer 17

Mammillothalamic tract

Question 18

What does the hypothalamus secrete?

Answer 18

Regulation factors into circulation (sinusoids)

Question 19

Only nuclei that don’t release regulating factor

Answer 19

Mammillary nuclei
Suprachiasmatic nuclei

Question 20

Functions of hypothalamus

Answer 20

Hormonal control
Biological rhythms
Control of vegetative system
Emotional reactions
Memory

Question 21

Sleep regulation

Answer 21

Suprachiasmatic nucleus - regulates the sleep-wake cycle
GABA in HT (preoptic) - promotes sleep
Histamine in post HT - prevents sleep
Orexins in lateral area (isolated groups)

Question 22

Feeding regulation

Answer 22

Satiety = Ventromedial nucleus of the tuberal region
Hunger = Lateral area

Question 23

Hormonal regulation

Answer 23

Release ADH —> supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Release oxytocin —> post hypophysis
Production of release/inhibitory factors —> multiple nuclei

Question 24

Emotions regulation

Answer 24

Dorsomedial nucleus mediates emotional reactions and is related to rage

Question 25

Thermoregulation

Answer 25

Ant and post hypothalamus

Question 26

Autonomic regulation

Answer 26

Symph —> caudo-lateral region (posterior)
PS —> rostro-medial region (anterior)

Question 27

Reticular formation - def, includes

Answer 27

“cajón desastre”

It’s a mix of everything in the brainstem that has no name, all the regions in the brainstem which aren’t found forming well-defined nuclei.

It includes many dispersed neurons in the brainstem that don’t form nuclei

Question 28

Components of the reticular formation

Answer 28

Proper reticular formation
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Periaqueductal grey matter
Aminergic and cholinergic nuclei

Question 29

What do we find within the diencephalon?

Answer 29

Thalamus (+ “massa intermedia”)
Epithalamus (pineal gland + habenula)
Hypothalamus (series of nuclei)
Subthalamic region

Question 30

Neurons that produce ADH are located in

Answer 30

Paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus

Question 31

Regions in medial area

Answer 31

Chiasmatic region
Tuberal region
Mamillary region

Question 32

Stria terminalis definition

Answer 32

Major pathway between the amygdala and the hypothalamus that provides reciprocal connections between the two structures

Question 33

Striated terminalis is related to

Answer 33

Amygdaloid complex

Question 34

Input in limbic system

Answer 34

Input to the hypothalamus comes from the amygdaloid complex, through the Stria terminalis

Question 35

Output in the lymbic system

Answer 35

Hypothalamic nuclei —> ANS centres through hypothalamo-medullary and hypothalamo-spinal fibres.

Along post longitudinal fasciculus (within periaqueductal grey matter in brainstem)

Question 36

Proper reticular formation includes

Answer 36

Magnocellular: reticulospinal pathway, locomotion, miction (pons)

Lateral reticular formation (parvocellular): afferent projections, complex reflexes

Respiratory centers (parab.), baropressor center (near NST): medullar/pons.

Question 37

Medial longitudinal fasciculus includes

Answer 37

Paramedian pontine reticular formation (near the VI CN)

Rostral nucleus of the MLF (near the III CN)

Question 38

Aminergic and cholinergic nucleus include

Answer 38

Locus ceruleus (NA)

Raphe nuclei (5HT)

PPN, interpeduncular nucleus (Ach)

Substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (DA)

Question 39

Periaqueductal gray matter is

Answer 39

A bunch of neurons adjacent to the cerebral aqueduct (grey matter). It’s an area related to pain