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Neuro Exam 1 > Embryology of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Embryology of the Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

notochord

A

iniates entire process of neurulation

signals formation of neural plate (thickened cells)
-dorsal surface of embryo

lateral edges start to fold

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2
Q

neural tube

A

formed from fusion of neural tube

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3
Q

cranial neuropore closure

A

day 25

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4
Q

caudal neuropore closure

A

day 27

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5
Q

neural tube

A

forms all of CNS

-brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

neural crest cells

A

form just above neural tube

  • from neuroectoderm
  • migrate into underlying mesoderm

become all of the PNS

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7
Q

fate of cranial neural crest

A

bones, cartilage, fascia, ligaments and tendons of face, neck

sensory ganglia and autonomic ganglia

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8
Q

fate of spinal neural crest

A

dorsal root ganglion
autonomic ganglion
heart - fibrous skeleton

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9
Q

shared fate of cranial and spinal neural crest

A

meninges
schwann cells
melanocytes

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10
Q

spinal cord formation

A

neural tube caudal to 4th pair of somites forms spinal cord

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11
Q

cells of neural tube

A

neuroectoderm

  • migrate out away from lumen
  • establish regions of spinal cord
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12
Q

zones of neuroectoderm migration

A

ventricular zone
mantle zone
marginal zone

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13
Q

ventricular zone

A

embryo - thick, pseudostratified epithelium called neuroepithelium

adult - simple layer of ependymal cells

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14
Q

derivatives of ventricular zone

A

give rise to all neurons and most glia of spinal cord

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15
Q

mantle zone

A

zone superficial to the neuroepithelium
composed of neuronal cell bodies
alar and basal plates

forms gray matter

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16
Q

sulcus limitans

A

separates basal and alar plates of mantle zone

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17
Q

basal plate

A

form motor, ventral horn

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18
Q

alar plate

A

form sensory, dorsal horn

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19
Q

marginal zone

A

outermost layer
composed of nerve processes (axons/dendrites)

form white matter

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20
Q

derivatives of neuroepithelium

A

neuroblasts

gliablasts

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21
Q

neuroblasts

A

form ventral horn motor neurons

and dorsal horn sensory neurons

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22
Q

gliablasts

A

form astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

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23
Q

spinal nerve

A

form from ventral root and dorsal root

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24
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

derived from neural crest

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25
microglial cells
derived from mesenchymal cells | migrate in later
26
cranial portion of neural tube
forms three vesicles
27
prosencephalon
forebrain
28
mesencephalon
midbrain
29
rhombencephalon
hindbrain
30
3 primary vesicles
prosencephalon mesencephalon rhombencephalon
31
secondary vesicles
``` telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon ```
32
derivatives of prosencephalon
telencephalon and diencephalon
33
derivatives of rhombencephalon
metencephalon and myelencephalon
34
lumen of telencephalon
lateral ventricles
35
lumen of mesencephalon
cerebral aqueduct
36
lumen of diencephalon
third ventricle
37
lumen of rhombencephalon
fourth ventricle
38
flexures in brain
result of differential growth cervical - SC to myelencephalon cephalic - rapid cerebrum growth -takes place at midbrain pontine -
39
derivatives of telencephalon
cerebral hemispheres
40
derivatives of diencephalon
thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, optic vesicles, pineal
41
derivatives of mesencephalon
midbrain
42
derivatives of metencephalon
pons | cerebellum
43
derivatives of myelencephalon
medulla
44
lumen of metencephalon and myelencephalon
fourth ventricle
45
tela choroidea
pia mater + ependymal layer of cells proliferates and evaginates into ventricles in roof of third and fourth ventricles in medial walls of lateral ventricles
46
brainstem vs. spinal cord
similar development - alar and basal plates - alar, dorsal, sensory - ventral, vasal, motor however, gray matter is in distinct nuclei - not columns -also, sensory nuclei displaced laterally
47
development of myelencephalon
forms medulla | get three layers, like in SC
48
pontine flexure
lateral flexures | pushes alar plates of myelencephalon laterally
49
order of nuclei in myelencephalon
lateral to medial alar - somatic afferent > SVA > GVA basal - GVE > SVE > somatic efferent SA > SVA > GVA > GVE > SVE > SE * * motor - medial * *sensory - lateral
50
CNs of myelencephalon
CN VIII, IX, X, XII 8,9,10, 12
51
development of metencephalon
forms pons and cerebellum
52
pons development
portion of metencephalon - three layers like in SC - basal - motor - alar - sensory some alar plate cells migrate into white mater -become nuclei
53
cranial nerves with pons
V, VI, VII, VIII | 5,6,7,8
54
cerebellum development
portion of metencephalon - formation of rhombic lip - fuse over roof plate - form cerebellar plate - waves of neuroblasts migrate through marginal layer - form outer cerebellar cortex - gray matter - external - white matter - internal
55
cerebellar plate
fusion of rhombic lips | -forms entire cerebellum
56
deep nuclei of cerebellum
derived from original marginal layer
57
mesencephalon development
forms midbrain from 3 layers, like SC basal - motor alar - sensory
58
CNs of midbrain
mesencephalon III, IV 3, 4
59
roof of diencephalon
forms epithalamus - contains choroid plexus - gives rise to pineal gland
60
alar plates of diencephalon
alar plate forms two swellings | superior and inferior
61
superior swelling of alar plate in diencephalon
forms thalamus -bulges into third ventricle 70% of people have interthalamic adhesion form
62
inferior swelling of alar plate in diepcephalon
hypothalamus
63
neurohypophysis formation
downgrowth of diencephalon neuroectoderm | posterior pituitary
64
adenohypophysis formation
upgrowth of oral ectoderm | anterior pituitary
65
optic nerve formation
from diencephalon -evagination of brain also, most of retina
66
lamina terminalis
where the cranial neuropore closes | -in diencephalon
67
radial glial cell
act like ladders for neurons in the telencephalon development to form outer gray cortex
68
new neurons in telencephalon
6 waves of cells migrate | -youngest cells most external
69
development of telencephalon
two lateral diverticula will form cerebral hemispheres - neuroblasts migrate - gray - superficial - white - deep also forms corpus striatum
70
neuroblast waves in telencephalon?
waves migrate through marginal zone | -along radial glial cells**
71
continued growth of cortex during final part of fetal life
gyri - outward convolutions | sulci - fissures
72
corpus striatum formation?
swelling within floor of cerebral hemispheres
73
CN of telencephalon
olfactor | CN I
74
CN of diencephalon
CN II
75
CN of mesenephalon
CN III, IV
76
spinal accessory nerve formation
from cervical spinal cord
77
spina bifida occulta
more common no neural involvement only defect in vertebral arch
78
spina bifida cystic
more severe do have neural involvement meningocele - only meninge meningomyelocele - meninge and spinal nerve/spinal cord involvement
79
spina bifida
neural tube does not fuse posteriorly | -also, vertebral arch does not fuse
80
anencephaly
aka meroencephaly caused by cranial neuropore not closing -forebrain - does not form -no di or telencephalon formation
81
craniorachischisis
closure defect extends in spinal cord
82
microcephaly
small cranium | formed from brain underdevelopment
83
encephalocele
failed neural tube fusion and defect in skull -foramen magnum or lamdoid suture - allows portion of CNS to protrude - results in cyst-like structure at base of skull
84
meningocephalocele
meninges and part of brain bulge through defect
85
meningohydroenephalocele
meninges, brain, and part of ventricular system bulge through defect
86
congenital hydrocephalus
increased CSF within ventricles - imbalance in production and absorption - most often obstruction cause dilation of ventricles proximal to obstruction skulls expand (sutures not fused) thin calvaria bone is result
87
Tx for congenital hydrocephalus
shunt procedure | cannula into ventricle system
88
common obstuction site for hydrocephalus
IV foramina of monro** cerebral aqueduct of silvius** lateral apertures of luschka median aperture of magendie
89
arnold chiari syndrome
herniation of cerebellar hemispheres through foramen magnum - underdevelopment of posterior cranial fossa - skull defect often associated with spina bifida cystica type I - congenital presentation - fingerline projection of cerebellum through the foramen magnum
90
holoprosencephaly
rare failure of forebrain neural tube to form cerebral hemispheres lateral ventricles fuse

Neuro Exam 1 (17 decks)

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