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Diseases of the World > Emerging Diseases > Flashcards

Emerging Diseases Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

what type of disease is rinderpest(viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.)

A

virus

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2
Q

what vaccination campaign officially eradicated rinderpest

A

PACE(pan African campaign for control of epizootics

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3
Q

who created a rinderpest vaccine that could last a week at room temp

A

Jeffrey Mariner

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4
Q

what year was rinderpest declared eradicated

A

2011

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5
Q

emerging disease definition

A

infectious disease that has newly appeared in a population or one that has been known but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographic range

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6
Q

factors that can lead to emerging diseases

A

-change in demographic/behavior
-environmental change
-breakdown in public health measures
-microbial adaption to change
-international travel
-change in technology

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7
Q

what percent of all known diseases in humans are zoonotic

A

60%

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8
Q

what percent of new emerging diseases in humans are zoonotic

A

75%

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9
Q

what is a big cause of zoonotic diseases in developing countries

A

the hunting and consumption of “bush meat”

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10
Q

what animal is the natural reservoir for monkey pox

A

grass cutter(cane) rats

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11
Q

what introduces monkey pox to dallas in 2003

A

african cane rats were imported as pets which led to an outbreak among prairie dogs

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12
Q

how much wildlife meat is harvested in Africa each year

A

1 million tons

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13
Q

four distinct families of viral hemorrhagic fevers

A

arenavirus
filovirus
flavivirus
bunyavirus

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14
Q

T/F humans are the natural reservoirs for hemorrhagic fever viruses

A

FALSE

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15
Q

what area of the body do VHFs typically infect/attack

A

endothelial cells of blood vessels

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16
Q

ebola and marburg are examples of what family of VHFs

A

filoviruses

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17
Q

T/F VHF outbreaks occur sporadically and are not easily predicted

A

TRUE

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18
Q

where was the most recent outbreak of ebola

A

uganda

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19
Q

what is the natural reservoir for ebola

A

fruit bats and pigs

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20
Q

how is ebola transmitted to humans

A

contact with bodily fluids of an infected individual/contact with bush meat

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21
Q

what what the central countries/location for the ebola outbreak in 2013-2016

A

west Africa(Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia)

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22
Q

when was the first FDA approved ebola vaccine produced

A

2019

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23
Q

how long can the ebola virus persist in semen

A

9 months

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24
Q

how can ebola relapses occur

A

virus hinds in joints and eyes until it can begin to multiply again

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25
what is an arenavirus
genus of virus that infects rodents
26
what type of VHF is lassa fever
arenavirus
27
what is the natural carrier of lassa fever
mastomys rat
28
T/F lassa virus is a vetor borne disease
false. it spreads through direct contact with rodent feces or urine, or contact with an infected human
29
what percent of people admitted to hospitals for fever in sierra leone and liberia have lassa fever
10-16%
30
common symptoms of lassa fever
fever malaise weakness headache
31
rare symptoms of lassa fever
hemorrage vomiting respiratory distress
32
what is the case fatality rate in lassa fever
24.1%
33
what is the natural reservoir for west nile virus
birds
34
what is the natural reservoir for dengue fever
humans
35
vector definition
an organism called an arthropod that transmits a disease form one animal or plant to another
36
what are arboviruses
viruses transmitted to humans by arthropods/vectors
37
4 main flaviviruses
dengue yellow fever west nile ziki
38
what mosquito transmits yellow fever
aedes mosquito
39
what climate is yellow fever endemic in
tropical areas of africa and latin america
40
why has the number of yellow fever cases increased
-poor vaccination cover(fake vaccines) -forged immunization cards -declining population immunity -climate change and vectors
41
incubation period of yellow fever
3-6 days
42
viremia length of yellow fever
2-3 days
43
symptoms of yellow fever
hemorrhage headache jaundice death
44
what introduced yellow fever to the western hemisphere
colonization
45
what is the origin of the name for yellow fever
ships traveling that had clinically ill people on board hoisted a "yellow jack" flag to signify the illness
46
what was yellow fever transported by ships associated with
the slave trade
47
transovarial definition
transmission of virus through mosquito eggs
48
what virus is transovarial in its vector
yellow fever
49
who solved how yellow fever was transmitted
Dr. carlos juan finlay
50
when were vector bone diseases discovered
during US invasion of Cuba during the Spanish American war
51
who was the human Guinea pig to determine how yellow fever was transmitted
Jesse Lazear
52
how did William crawford gorgas control the mosquito population to prevent yellow fever
-targeted mosquito breeding sites -screened windows and outdoor water cisterns -slept under mosquito nets -removed standing water -fumigated houses
53
what is a recent vertebrate host for yellow fever
primates
54
sylvatic yellow fever
occurs when disease is passed from monkeys to humans
55
intermediate yellow fever
most common type, mosquitos can infect humans or knkeys
56
urban yellow fever
domestic mosquito transmits virus between humans without transmission via other primates
57
why do vector borne diseases follow railroads and rivers
mosquitos lay eggs in water sources on docks, boats, and trains
58
when was the last outbreak of yellow fever in the US
1905
59
who developed the yellow fever vaccine
Dr. Max Theiler
60
what type of vaccine was the first yellow fever vaccine
attenuated virus
61
what vaccine is most commonly found on WHO international certificate of vaccination
yellow fever
62
how many countries reported yellow fever outbreaks in 2024
13
63
why is there no yellow fever in asia
mosquitos may be less susceptible to the virus
64
what fever is a leading cause of death in the tropics and subtropics
dengue
65
how many people live in dengue endemic areas
3.5 billion
66
what was dengue fever describes as in the 1789 outbreak
break bone fever
67
who were the first scientists to isolate the dengue virus? when?
susumu hotta ren kimura 1943
68
how many dengue fever outbreaks have occured in the US since 2001
4
69
what US territories is dengue fever endemic in
puerto rico US virgin islands
70
symptoms of dengue fever
fever headache rash joint ache
71
how many serotypes does dengue fever have
4
72
why are their many cases of dengue in Mexico but not in Texas even along the border
rio grande acts as a barrier
73
what caused the rise in dengue fever in Bangladesh
high rain levels
74
what is the only dengue vaccine approved by the FDA
dengvaxia
75
what type of vaccine is dengvaxia? what was used to produce it?
live attenuated vaccine produced using recombinant DNA technology
76
when did dengvaxia become available
2022
77
how many dengue infections are there each year
as many as 400 million
78
where was west nile virus first discovered in the US
the bronx zoo in exotic birds
79
what makes west nile virus so spreadable
its reservoir is birds which can travel very easily
80
why are humans and horses dead end hosts for west nile virus
it doeas replicate enough in them for mosquitos to pick up the virus
81
three outcomes of west nile in humans
asymptomatic mild fever virus neuroenvasive(menangitis/encephalitis)
82
what percent of cases of west nile in 2017 were neuroinvasive
67%
83
T/F 4 out of 5 people infected with west nile virus will not have noticeable symptoms
TRUE
84
what two branches of the nile river are there
blue nile white nile
85
T/F Zika virus has an extremely high death rate
FALSE. it has very few deaths
86
where was the first zika virus isolated from monkeys
uganda
87
what percent of babies born to women who were infected with zika while pregnant are born with microcephaly
13%
88
what VHF can be sexually transmitted
zika ebola
89
what is the most deadly virus in a population of unvaccinated people
yellow fever
90
what is microcephaly? what disease is it associated
below average head size and impaired brain development. associated with zika virus
91
what year did US congress spend $1.1 billion on emergency funding to combat zika
2015
92
which disease causes the most human cases of infection
dengue
93
what do yellow fever, west nile, zika, dengue, and malaria all have in common
they are all transmitted by mosquitos
94
when and where was chikungunya first isolated
1952 in tanzania
95
where does chikungunya get its name from
makonde language meaning bended walker
96
what is chikungunya transmitted buy
aedes mosquito
97
animal reservoirs for chikungunya
monkeys birds cattle rodents
98
T/F local transmission of chikungunya is becoming more common in the US
FALSE. nearly all cases are travel related
99
what vaccine is approved for chikungunya virus
none
100
what is rift valley fever caused by
rift valley fever phlebovirus
101
when and where was RVF first identified
1930 kenya
102
symptoms/attributes of RVF
-acute disease -contagious -causes abortion in sheep, cattle, and goat -high mortality in lambs and kids(goat) -general disease in man
103
what disease can cause massive necrosis of the liver in sheep, cattle, and goats
rift valley
104
length of cycles for rift valley
5-15 years
105
what are dambos
kenya's equivalent to playa lake
106
aerosol transmission of rift valley fever
bodily fluids butchering infected animals raw milk livestock herders surgery, autopsy, necropsy laboratory workers
107
mortality for RFV in cattle? for sheep and goats?
cattle: 5% sheep: 36%
108
incubation period for RFV
2-6 days
109
what is retinopathy
a rare(1-10%) side effect of RFV
110
symptoms of retinopathy
conjunctivitis photophobia possible permanent vision loss
111
why is the US interested in RVF
climate change could cause it to jump to the US
112
three emerging diseases that threaten the US
zika chikungunya rift valley fever
113
what type of virus is RVF
bunyavirus
114
what type of virus is is chikungunya
togavirus

Diseases of the World (21 decks)

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