Emerging Infections Flashcards

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0
Q

What are new pathogens?

A

Includes new species and new strains of existing species

e.g. SARS-CoV, H1N1 influenza (pandemic strain)

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1
Q

What are emerging infections?

A
New pathogens
Re-emerging infections
drug resistant
Nosocomial
Zoonotic
bioweapons
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2
Q

What are re-emerging infections?

A

Have experienced increased incidence following a period of recession or control of infection in a given area
e.g. Poliomyelitis or malaria

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3
Q

What are some examples of re-emerging infections?

A
MRSA, VRSA
Multidrug resistant tuberculosis
HIV
Influenza A
N. gonorrhoea
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4
Q

What is the definition of outbreak?

A

A sudden unexpected increase in disease incidence

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5
Q

What is the definition of epidemic?

A

A greater prevalence of disease in a population/community than is generally expected in that population at a given time

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6
Q

What is the definition of pandemic?

A

A greater worldwide prevalence of disease than expected at a given time

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7
Q

What is the definition of endemic?

A

refers to a pathogen having a steady prevalence in a given population, area, or community

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8
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

A

An infection acquired by a patient admitted to hospital/health care facility for a reason other than the infection
Infection was not present or incubating in the patient before admittance
signs of infection may appear after discharge
Often opportunistic

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9
Q

What are factors associated with incidence of nosocomial infections?

A

Increased prevalence of pathogen and close contact in hospital setting
decreased immune status in infected population
emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogen
surgery or devices

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10
Q

What are some examples of nosocomial infections?

A
S. aureus
MRSA/VRSA
Candida albicans
C. difficile
UTI
Hospital acquired pneumonia
Surgical site infection
Viruses
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11
Q

What are Zoonotic infection?

A

An infection that is transmitted to a human from another species
May or may not be contagious
e.g rabies

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12
Q

What are factors associated with incidence of zoonotic infections?

A

Increased prevalence of vector in changing climates, increased interactions
Increased prevalence of pathogen in developing areas, loss of natural habitat
Human activity - increased transportation, dmas, deforestation
Complex interactions between environment, vector, and host (7 generations)

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13
Q

What are the at risk groups for zoonotic infections?

A

Occupational risk (butchers, farmers etc)
Activity (camping, swimming)
Animal scratches/bites (rabies, arboviruses)

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14
Q

What are some examples of zoonotic infections?

* You should be able to define the vector for a disease for the final

A
Flavivirus
Rabies
SARS CoV
Influenza A
Yersinia pestis
Plasmodium falciparum
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15
Q

What is the machupo virus spread by?

A

Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
Large vesper mouse, machupo virus harmless persistent infection in bush mice
DDT leads to shortage to cats = more mice = mice invade human dwellings

16
Q

What are bioweapons?

A

May involve pathogens with limited or no current prevalence

Historic and contemporary usage: smallpox, anthrax

17
Q

What are category B criteria for bioweapons?

A

Are moderately easy to disseminate
result in moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates
require specific enhancements of CDCs diagnositc capacity and enhanced disease surveillance

18
Q

What are category C bioweapons?

A

easily available
easy to produce and disseminate
high mortality and high morbidity

19
Q

What are device associated infections?

A

Are generally nosocomial
Are associated with a number of opportunistic pathogens
includes catheters, shunts, prostheses
plastic devices are prone to colonization by bacteria, biofilm formation
Symptoms related to site of infection, sepsis always a risk

20
Q

What are the symptoms related to intravasular catheters?

A

Pain, inflammation, erythema, purulent discharge at exit site, low-grade fever
Diagnosis via analysis of exit site swab

21
Q

What are the symptoms related to ambulatory peritoneal dialysis catheters?

A

Pain, inflammation, erythema, purulent d/c
Peritonitis w/ abdominal pain, fever, nausea, vomiting
Tachychardia, increased WBC in dialysis fluid
Diagnosis via analysis of exit site swab or dialysis fluid

22
Q

What are the symptoms of a urinary catheter infection?

A

flank pain, pressure or spasm near the bladder, hematuria, cloudy urine, fever
Diagnosis via urinalysis via catheter
- Any bacterial numbers are considered significant when sample is taken via catheter
- No introduction of bacteria from the urinary tract

23
Q

What are the symptoms of prosthetic joint infection?

*Important because joints can only be replaced so many times, preventative antibiotics

A

Joint/bone pain, tenderness, inflammation, fever
Loosing of prosthetic joint, low grade bacteremia
Chronic infection - requires removal of the prosthesis
Diagnosis via analysis of joint aspirate: Culture, stain, PCR (pathogen associated gene), CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, elevated leukocytes, sinus tract formation

24
Q

What are the symptoms of CSF shunt infection?

A

Symptoms appear months to years after surgery
Ventriculoatrial (VA) shunt infections - fever, tachycardia, rigors, rash, arthralgia, anemia, myalgia
Ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt - vomiting, headache, visual disturbance, abdominal distension

25
Q

What benefits do the use of microbes have for a host?

A

Increase immune capacity
Compete with pathogenic organisms/microbes
Target pathogenic organisms/microbes

26
Q

What are preventative/therapeutic approaches of microbiology?

A

Probiotics
Prebiotics
Synbiotics

27
Q

What are emerging therapeutic microbiology approaches?

A

Bacteriophage

Fecal transplantation

28
Q

What are probiotics used for?

A

Gastrointestinal disorders
Genito-urinary tract infections
Skin

29
Q

What is the function of host microbiome?

A

Provides a delicate balance between health and disease

  • use of probiotics long term immune stimulation, good or bad?
  • proinflammatory treatments vs. anti-inflammatory treatments indications and CIs
30
Q

What are prebiotics/synbiotics?

A

Are nonliving non digestible factors that contribute to the growth of probiotics

31
Q

What is phage therapy?

A

Using bacteriophages as antibiotics