Emotion, depression & sex Flashcards
(18 cards)
Calipari et al. (2017) oestrus rats
Cocaine reward-learning is modulated by hormonal state. Oestrus females showed enhanced conditioned place preference.
Alexander et al. (1978) rat park and morphine
Morphine consumption varied depending upon housing (not exposure to drug). Socially-housed rats consumed less morphine than lonely rats.
Ahmed et al. (2018) drug-environment interactions
The type of drug taken depends on the environment. Rats prefer heroine (depressants) at home but cocaine (stimulants) outside of home.
Creating conditioned gaping in rats
Infuse sacharin with lithium chloride.
What is responsible for nausea? What produces anti-nausea effects?
Serotonin in forebrain (interoceptive insular cortex) may be responsible for sensation of nausea. Cannabinoids produce anti-nausea effects by suppressing the release of nausea-induing serotonin in nausea forebrain regions.
2 ways to reduce nausea
- Lesion 5HT cells.
- 5HT antagonist (5HT agonist increases nausea(.
Harding et al. (2004) learned helplessness predictable or unpredictable housing
Rats in unpredictable housing show behaviour indicating reduced anticipation of a positive event. Fewer responses to ambiguous/positive tone.
Stuart et al. (2013) affective biases and learnt helplessness
Positive affective bias introduced by antidepressants.
Depressive realism
Depressed individuals have more accurate judgements about their lack of control. Non-depressed individuals show overestimation of control.
What is tryptophan?
An animo acid that is a precursor of serotonin.
Consequences of depletion of tryptophan
Reduced perception of action-outcome contingency. Suggests impaired sense of control (diminished instrumental learning/learnt helplessness).
Msetfi et al. (2016) effects SSRIs on instrumental contingency
SSRI group had enhanced sensitivity instrumental action-outcome without a shift in emotion.
2 parts of the acquisition of sexual behaviour
- Arousability (steroidal hormone action in brain).
- Expectations (experience of sex).
Banergee and Regan (2014) zebra finch imprinting
Male finches reared by males alone preferred to pair and nest with other males (not seen in female finches reared by males).
Kendrick et al. (1998) sexual imprinting goats and sheep
Both male and females selected mates that were of the maternal species, not genetic (females were less prone to this). Sexual preference based on imprinting (early experience).
Graham and Desjardins (1980) rats and conditioned hormone release
Neutral CS became as effective as female US in triggering LH and testosterone secretion.
Pfaus (2012) dopamine and sex
CS-US related dopamine release in nucleus accumbens in response to 3 different odours paired with sexual reward.
Hoffman et al. (2012) conditioning of sexual arousal in humans
2 neutral scents: during sex or non-sexual interaction. Men showed genital responding to the sexual scent.
