Rule-guided behaviour

Question 1

Simple cued rules

Answer 1

Associating a stimulus with a predetermined response. (If A, then B).

Question 2

Task for simple cued rules

Answer 2

Learning arbitrary visuomotor or visuospatial mappings.

Question 3

Wise and Murray (2000) performance of in arbitrary visuomotor mapping task in HC lesion macaques

Answer 3

Learning of mappings impaired but performance of established mappings not impaired.

Question 4

Wise and Murray (2000) role of premotor cortex (SEF neurons) in arbitrary visuomotor mappings

Answer 4

Premotor cortex develops directional selectivity during learning of mappings.
Supplementary eye-field neurons: selective for cues mapped to eye-movements.

Question 5

Petrides (1982) role of periarcuate (PA; posterior frontal cortex) and mid-dlPFC in visuomotor learning

Answer 5

PA: impairs visuomotor learning.
mdlPFC: little effect.

Question 6

Which area of the PFC in simple cued rules?

Answer 6

vPFC (human neuroimagining, macaque lesions).

Question 7

Cue abstract rules

Answer 7

Response depends on context (eg. copy me).

Question 8

Task for cued abstract rules

Answer 8

Delayed match-to-sample (or nonmatch-to-sample).

Question 9

Wallis et al. (2001) macaques instructed by a colour or juice as to which abstract rule to apply after delay (match vs. nonmatch)

Answer 9

PFC neurons (both ventral and dorsal) show rule-selective activity in delay period.

Question 10

Which area in PFC for cued abstract rules?

Answer 10

vPFC (human neuroimaging, macaque lesion studies).
Bunge et al. (2003): similar paradigm to Wallis et al. (2001) and found that it is vlPFC, not dlPFC, that matters.

Question 11

Uncued abstract rules

Answer 11

Rules are not specified explicitly so one has to decide for oneself what behaviour is appropriate.

Question 12

Tasks for uncued abstract rules

Answer 12

Self-initiated or uncued rules/rules acquired by trial and error and held in WM.

Question 13

Forstmann et al. (2005) uncued abstract rules instruction vs. transition cues

Answer 13

dlPFC for working out and choosing the rules (transition minus instruction comparison).

Question 14

WCST impairments

Answer 14

1. PS (part of dlPFC): forget rule if delay between trials is 6s longer.
2. OFC: remain at chance on first trial after single reward followed an error trial.
3. ACC
4. Superior dlPFC: not impaired.

Question 15

WCST PS (part of dlPFC) impairment

Answer 15

Forget rule if delay between trials is 6s longer. PS necessary for rule WM.

Question 16

Mansouri et al. (2006) neurons in PS uncued abstract rules

Answer 16

Neuron activity increased after seeing sample, prior to seeing sample (during fixation), and between trials (inter-trial intervals).

Neuron encode rule at all stages. Even when monkey not doing anything, a neuron is encoding what rule should be applied in next trial.

Question 17

WCST OFC impairment

Answer 17

Remain at chance on first trial after a single reward. A single reward ineffective in influencing behaviour in OFC group (slow learning). Multiple successive rewards reinforced their decisions. OFC for rapid updating on rule-value on the basis of changed reinforcement.

Question 18

WCST ACC impairment

Answer 18

Failed to slow down as normal (particular on error trials when uncertainty is likely to be higher). ACC lesions lead to failure to engage executive control?

Question 19

WCST 3 double dissociations

Answer 19

1. PS and OFC.
2. PS and ACCs.
3. OFC and ACCs.

Question 20

WCST FPC impairment

Answer 20

Not impaired on standard version. Performance of old learnt rules ok. Initial exploratory choices of new abstract rule impaired after FPC lesions.

Question 21

Sakai and Passingham (2006) cued to make phonological/semantic/visual judgements about a word after delay brain areas

Answer 21

Phonological rule: premotor activity.
Semantic rule: anterior vlPFC activity.
FPC activity correlated more with activity in PM when phonological task is to be selected and more with activity in avlPFC when semantic task is to be selected.

dlPFC did not correlate with activity in either region. FPC implement rule selection via top-down control?

Question 22

Strategy definition

Answer 22

An overall plan of action designed to achieve objectives or goals.

Question 23

Genovesio et al. (2005) neurons for abstract response strategies

Answer 23

lPFC neurons encode the animal’s strategy (not just whether the trial is a repeat or a change trial).

Question 24

Bussey et al. (2001) lesions that impair use of repeat-stay and change-shift strategy

Answer 24

Combined vlPFC and OFC lesions impair use of these strategies.

Ability to apply abstract rules and strategies, and to deploy them flexibly, may be one of the most important functions of PFC.

Question 25

Where are dopamine cells?

Answer 25

Cell bodies in substantia nigra or VRA. Innervation reaches striatum and frontal cortex. Prediction error signal is globally broadcasted in the brain.

Question 26

Ramnani et al. (2004) prediction error for monetary reward in human PFC

Answer 26

Unexpected lack of monetary reward: activates FPC. Unexpected monetary reward: activates mOFC, FPC, and inferior frontal sulcus.

Question 27

Park et al. (2010) alcohol addition and frontostriatal networks.

Answer 27

Controls: frontostriatal functional connectivity distinguishes significantly between win and loss trials. Alcohol addition patients: feedback-related modulation in functional connectivity absent.