Emotion regulation

Question 1

Hedonic motivation

Answer 1

managing emotions to maximise pleasure and minimise pain

seeking immediate positive feelings

Question 2

Instrumental

Answer 2

managing emotions to achieve a specific goal or outcome

using emotions as a tool to accomplish something beyong just feeling good

Question 3

Emotional regulation PPCT model

Answer 3

person resource factors - mental and emotional resources

context - affect different athletes expressing their emotions depending on environment = impact MH

Question 4

Intrapersonal strategies

Answer 4

managing one’s own emotions

deep breathing/reappraisal

Question 5

Interpersonal strategies

Answer 5

managing and influencing the emotions of others

motivational talks by coach/teammates’ encouragement

supportive environment, reduced isolation, boost confidence, reduce anxiety

dependency on others, stress if support is not as expected

Question 6

Situation selection

Answer 6

athlete actively chooses to place themselves in a favourable situation, rather than another which is less favourable

actively approaching

Question 7

Situation modification

Answer 7

modify the situation to change the effect an emotion may have (to attain favourable emotional state)

withdrawal
help-seeking

Question 8

Attentional deployment

Answer 8

athlete directs their attention to influence their emotions

e.g., when difficult to change situation

seeking distraction
ignoring
rumination
positive refocusing

Question 9

Cognitive change

Answer 9

athlete changes how they appraise the situation to alter its emotional significance

by changing thoughts about it or their capacity to manage the demands of it

catastrophising cognitive reappraisal
refocus on planning

Question 10

Response modulation

Answer 10

athlete modifies or controls the experience or the outward expression of the emotion

expressive suppression

Question 11

Risk (negative relationship)

Answer 11

suppression
rumination avoidance

Question 12

Protective (positive relationship)

Answer 12

reappraisal
problem solving
acceptance

Question 13

Emotional dysregulation (individual/person factor)

Answer 13

lack of emotional awareness and understanding
lack of amotional acceptance
lack of willingness to engage in goal-directed behaviours when experiencing negative emotions
lack of access to adaptive emotion regulation strategies

Question 14

environmental/contextual factors

Answer 14

coaches used more emotion regulation strategies
men used more suppression
women experienced more negative stress

Question 15

Mindfulness based therapies

Answer 15

awareness of present moment and being non-judgmental

acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Question 16

Cognitive therapies

Answer 16

cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

Question 17

Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)

Answer 17

mindfulness strategies with behavioural change techniques

Gross et al., 2016
reduce emotion dysregulation and anxiety symptoms in female athletes
improved regulation through mindfulness

Josfsson et al., 2017
practice mindfulness = reduce rumination and improved capacity to regulate negative emotions

improve emotional dysregulation and MH among competetive athletes

Question 18

CBT

Answer 18

Werner et al., 2023
effective at reducing anxiety and depression
improve performance

Gustafsson et al., 2017
exposure successful in reduce anxiety and promote adaptive behaviours
female cross-country skier

Smith et al., 2010
implementation intentions
promote more adaptive emotion regulation strategies

Question 19

DBT

Answer 19

limited peer reviewed research on effectiveness to improve athlete MH

address stigma, performance anxiety and coping with injury

Question 20

CBT example

Answer 20

restate issue with more positive outlook
reframe helps athlete see situation from diff angle
challenge old beliefs

negative to positive

respond different to a challenege