emotional behaviors

Question 1

psychologists define emotion in terms of these 4 components

Answer 1

cognition ( mental process -thinking judging), action (the response), feeling (emotional state), physiological changes ( heart rate)

Question 2

most situations evoke a combonation of both the what arousals

Answer 2

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 3

what does the james lange theory say about emotion

Answer 3

autonomic arousal and skeletal action occurs first in emotion
the emotion felt is the label we give to teh arousal of the organs and muscles

Question 4

what are the 4 steps in james lange theory

Answer 4

event…..appraisal (cognitve aspect, thinking remembering about the situation), action ( the behavioral aspect including physiology), emotional feeling (the feeling aspect)

Question 5

james lange theoru leads to two predictions

Answer 5

people with a weak autonomic system or skeletal response should feel less emotion, increasing ones response should enhance an emotion

Question 6

people with pure autonomic failure show what ? how is this related to james lange theory

Answer 6

output from autonomic nervous system to body fails, report feeling same emotions but less intensley….it is consistent with the theory

Question 7

explain botox and autonomic and emotional resposnes

Answer 7

botox blocks transmission of achtlycholine so muscle doesnt move. ppl with it report weaker than usual emotions watching short videos implies body change is important part of feeling emotion

Question 8

two examples of prrof that arrousal is sufficient for emotion

Answer 8

-panic attacks which are marked byt intense sympatheric nervous system arousal can happen due to rapid breathing and a person thinking theyre having a panic attack

creating certain body actions may also slightly influence an emotion..smiling slightly increases happiness

Question 9

true or false: there is one area critical for emotion

Answer 9

false

Question 10

the limbic system includes

Answer 10

the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus

Question 11

evidence against facial expressions for idea of basic emotions

Answer 11

-two or more emotions can be present in a single facial expression
context and gestures are important

Question 12

what is an alternative view of basic emotions

Answer 12

emotional vary along two continuous dimensions…weak to strong, pleasent to unpleasant

Question 13

describe behavioral activation system (BAS) vs behavioral inhibition system

Answer 13

BAS: activation of LEFT hemisphere, frontal temporal lobes…low to moderate arousal tendency to approach,,,,,happiness or anger

BIS: RIGHT hempisphere….increases attention and arousal….inhibits action….fear and disgust

Question 14

3 fucntions of emotion

Answer 14

adaptive (escape or attack)
communicate needs to others
aid in quick decision making

Question 15

contemplating moral decsions activated the

Answer 15

prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus

Question 16

true or false: moral decisions are usually made rationally

Answer 16

false

Question 17

those with damage to this are show inconsistent prefrences and decreased guilt and trust. they are more liekly to switch even if someone they know

Answer 17

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 18

the ____ is important in attack and escape haviors which are closely related physiologically and behavioraly

Answer 18

amygdala

Question 19

low activity of what gene is linked with agression

Answer 19

MAO a

Question 20

true or false : violent crime is associated with higher testosterone

Answer 20

true

Question 21

increasing testosterone in women results in

Answer 21

increased amount time looking at angry faces, more aruging during collaborative tasks

Question 22

what is serotonin turnover and how is it measured

Answer 22

amount of serotonin that neurons release, absorbed and replaced,,,, concentration of 5 HIAA in cebrebrospinal fluid

Question 23

true or false: impulsivness and agression ahve been linked to low serotonin release

Answer 23

true

Question 24

how strong is the relationship between serotonin and agression

Answer 24

small

Question 25

low serotonin turnover associated with violent suicide true or false

Answer 25

true

Question 26

agressive behvaior depends on combonation of these three chemicals..also explain

Answer 26

testosterone. ..facilitated agressive assertive dominant behavior serotonin: tends to inhibit impulsive behavior cortisol: inhibits agression

Question 27

startle response takes how long to get to brainstem

Answer 27

3-8 milliseconds

Question 28

what part of brain important for enhancing startle reflex

Answer 28

amygdala

Question 29

what part of fear is amygdala specifically important for

Answer 29

knowing what to fear

Question 30

if a person is attacked or has fearful experience they become fearful in a wide variety of circumstances which depends on an area called ..a brain area that contorls

Answer 30

bed nucleus of the stria terminals, a brain area that controls long term generalized emotional arousal

Question 31

what is kluver bucy syndrome caused by and what does it result inq

Answer 31

damage to the amygdala, monkeys are tame and show less than normal fear, impaired social bheaviors including what to fear...monkeys wwere scientest has removed both sides of amygdala

Question 32

amygdala response is stronger when meaning of photos of faces is

Answer 32

unclear and requires some processing

Question 33

describe amydala response to indirect vs indirect fear and anger

Answer 33

stronger to indirect anger and stronger to direcct fear

Question 34

humans with damage to the amygdala can classify emotional pictures without difficulty but

Answer 34

experience little arousal from viewing unpleasant photos

Question 35

describe urbach wiethe disease and symptoms observed

Answer 35

genetic condition that causes calcium to accumulate in amygdala till it wastes away..happy in haunted house, only angry at gun point, ,.,.alsoways look at nose not the eyes if look at eyes can recognize fear..impaired at drawing deareful expres

Question 36

amygdala really responsive to what part of the eyes

Answer 36

whites

Question 37

15 percent of people with _____ suffer from panic disorder

Answer 37

joint laxity , double jointedness

Question 38

panic disorder linked to what area abnormalities

Answer 38

hypothalamus

Question 39

panic disorder related to decreased ___ and increased ___

Answer 39

GABA, orexin

Question 40

smaller ____ or lower than normal ____ levels may predisope people to PTSD

Answer 40

hippocampus, cortisol

Question 41

anxiety medications exert their effects in the

Answer 41

amygdala, hypothalamus, midbrain, and other areas

Question 42

hans selye defined stress as

Answer 42

non specific response of the body to any demand made of it

Question 43

what is general adaptation syndrome:

Answer 43

threats to the body activate a general response to stress

Question 44

what are the three stages in the general adaptation syndrome

Answer 44

1. alarm stage; increased sympatheric nervous system activity 2. resistance stage: sympatheric response declines: adrenal cortex continues releases cortical and other hormones to prolong alertness 3. exaustion stage: occurs after prolonged stress, individual no longer has energy to sustain responses

Question 45

what is the hpa axis? what activates it

Answer 45

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex...dominant response to prolonged stress

Question 46

what two systems are activated by stress

Answer 46

sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight), HPA axis

Question 47

describe the sequence of the HPA axis

Answer 47

activation of hypothalamus iduces the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), this hormone stimulates teh adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol....cortisol helps to mobolize energies to fight a difficult situation...improves performance moderate tasks, impairs complex task and impacts actvity of the immune system

Question 48

what does autoimmune disease result in

Answer 48

immune system attacking normal cells

Question 49

what is formal name of white blood cells

Answer 49

leukocytes

Question 50

where are leukocytes produced and where do they go

Answer 50

bone, thalamus , spleen, lymph nodes

Question 51

what are b cells

Answer 51

leukocytes that mature in bone marrow and secrete specific antibodies

Question 52

what are anti bodies

Answer 52

y shaped proteins that attatch to particulat kinds of antigens

Question 53

what are antigens

Answer 53

surface proteins that are anibody-generator molecules

Question 54

what do t cells do

Answer 54

attack intruders directly and help other t cells and b cells multiply

Question 55

what are natural killer cells

Answer 55

leukocytes that attack tumor cells and cells infected with viruses

Question 56

what are the two kinds of t cells

Answer 56

helper t tells, cytokines

Question 57

cytokines stimulate the release of _____ which produce

Answer 57

prostaglandins...fever, sleepiness, lack of energy

Question 58

how do asprin and ipheuphrophin work

Answer 58

inhibiting prostaglandins

Question 59

what triggers the production of cytokines and what do they do

Answer 59

during an infection leukocytes and other cells produce them. they release chemicals into immune system and cross the blood brain barrier, combat infecition and communicate with the brain to inform of illness

Question 60

what does prolonged stress response do

Answer 60

produce symptoms like depression, weakens the immune system, can harm the hippocampus , increases cortisol which leads to impaired memory, increases vulnerability of neurons in the hippocampus

Question 61

socail suppost reduces respons in several areas including the

Answer 61

prefrontal cortex

Question 62

resilience is related to stronger connections between ____ and ____

Answer 62

amygdala and prefrontal cortex

Question 63

studies in mice have revealed

Answer 63

genes that relate to being more vulnerable or more resilient