chapter 3

Question 1

what is the first two branches of the peripheral nervous system? explain

Answer 1

somatic nervous system: voluntary muscles, converts sensory info to the CN

autonomic nervous system: controls heart and intestines, can prepare internal for rest and digest or fight or flight

Question 2

what are the two branches of the autonomic efferent nerves

Answer 2

sympathetic (fight or flight), parasympathetic (rest and digest, release of acetlycholine)

Question 3

afferent information comes from _____ pathways while efferent information comes from _____ pathways

Answer 3

sensory, motor

Question 4

what are the three plane slices? explain

Answer 4

horisontal : horizontal at face

sagital plane : left and right of top of head

coronal plane: front and back of top of head

Question 5

rostral is towards the _____, candle is towards the ____

Answer 5

nose, tail

Question 6

the spinal cord is within the spinal _____

Answer 6

collum

Question 7

in the spinal cord entering _____ roots carry sensory information and exiting _____ roots carry motor information

Answer 7

dorsal, ventral

Question 8

______ is towards the top of the head while _____ is towards the bottom

Answer 8

dorsal, ventral

Question 9

cell bodies of the sensory neurons are in clusters of neurons where

Answer 9

outside the spinal cord in the dorsal root ganglia

Question 10

what are the two types of matter in the spinal cord? explain

Answer 10

grey matters…in the centre of the spinal cord and contains the cell bodies and dendrites, densely packed to make dark

white matter: myelinated axons that carry information from grey matter to the brain

Question 11

where are cell bodies of the motor neurons?

Answer 11

inside the spinal cord

Question 12

sensory nerves navigate _____ while motor nerves navigate ____

Answer 12

dorsally, ventrally

Question 13

what are the three main divisions of the brain

Answer 13

forebrain, mid brain, hindbrain

Question 14

what are the 5 parts of the forebrain

Answer 14

thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia

Question 15

what are the 6 parts of the mid brain

Answer 15

tectum, tegmenjtum, superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, substantia nigra

Question 16

what are the three parts of the mid brain

Answer 16

medulla, pons, cerebellum

Question 17

which part of hind brain is most inferior

Answer 17

medulla

Question 18

hindbrain structures, midbrain and other central structures make up the _____

Answer 18

brain stem

Question 19

what is the medulla responsible for

Answer 19

vital reflexed such as breathing heart rate vomiting etc

Question 20

_______ allow medulla to control sensations from the head and many parasymptethic movements….how many are there

Answer 20

12 pairs

Question 21

in the medulla there’s a lot of _____ receptors

Answer 21

opiate

Question 22

the pons lay on ______

Answer 22

each side of the medulla

Question 23

the ______ is where axons from each half of the brain cross to the opppistie side of the spinal cord

Answer 23

pons

Question 24

which part of brain contains the most neurons

Answer 24

cerrebullum

Question 25

what is cerrebelum important for

Answer 25

motor movement, balance, coordination | shifting attention between auditory and visual stimuli

Question 26

the _______ is the dopamine pathway for movement

Answer 26

substantia nigra

Question 27

describe parkinsons disease

Answer 27

death od dopamine neurons in the substantiated nigra resulting in movement disorders

Question 28

superior and inferior colloculis are important for ____ and they also

Answer 28

processing sensory input, producing orientating movements of head

Question 29

the _____ is the roof of the midbrain

Answer 29

tectum

Question 30

describe tegmentum

Answer 30

contains nuclei for cranial nerves and part of reticular formation for sleep and wakefulness

Question 31

the fotrbain consist of the _____ and the ____

Answer 31

outer cortex and subcortical regions

Question 32

the outer portion of the cerebral cortex is known as

Answer 32

cerebral cortex

Question 33

the _________ is interlinked structures that form a border around brain stem

Answer 33

limbic system

Question 34

what are the 5 parts of the limbic system

Answer 34

olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus if the cerebral cortex

Question 35

what are the subcortical structures ? what do they do ?

Answer 35

thalamus...relay station from sensory organs...hypthalamus: conveys messages to the pituitary gland to alter the release of hormones

Question 36

the basal ganglia compromises the ____ , | _____ and _____

Answer 36

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

Question 37

what is basal ganglia important for

Answer 37

planning motor movement, aspects memory emotional expression, attention, language

Question 38

what particular memories important in hippocampus

Answer 38

individual events

Question 39

_______ is c shaped and towards posterior portion of the brain

Answer 39

hippocampus

Question 40

the ventrals are four ______that contain..what does this do?

Answer 40

fluid filled cavities that contain cerebrospinal fluid a clear fluid found in the brain and spinal cord that provides cushioning for the brain and provides a reservoir of hormones and nutrition for the brain and spinal cord

Question 41

too much cerebrospinal fluid can result in ______...why? how can they fix?

Answer 41

hydrocephalus....its blocked from flowing and it pushes on the brain and can result in brain damage...put in shunt and take fluid out

Question 42

what are meninges

Answer 42

membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord

Question 43

is meningitis bacterial or viral

Answer 43

could be either

Question 44

what is the cause of migraines

Answer 44

swollen blood vessels in meninges

Question 45

what is the most prominent area of mammalian brain

Answer 45

cerebral cortex

Question 46

compare layer 4 and layers 5/6 in cerebral cortex. what are these layers called

Answer 46

laminae. layer 4 is thick in sensory cortex because it receives axons from sensory nuclei of thalamus. layer 5/6 is thick in motor cortex as it has greatest control of muscles

Question 47

precentral gyrus is the primary ______ cortex while post central gyrus is the primary ____ cortex

Answer 47

motor, sensory

Question 48

the occipital lobe is also known as the ____ cortex

Answer 48

striate

Question 49

what is it called when the eye is healthy but damage to occipital lobe results in blindness

Answer 49

cortical blindness

Question 50

what is the parietal lobe responsible for ..what can damage result in

Answer 50

target for touch sensations, essential for spatial information and numerical information,,,,difficulty identifying stimulation, inability to pay attention to certain things in environment

Question 51

the temporal lobe is essential for _________, its also resonsible for

Answer 51

processing spoken language....complex aspects vision including movement and some emotional and motivational behaviours

Question 52

what is kluver bacer syndrome?

Answer 52

damage to temporal lobes. excessive oral tendencies, emotional changes esp fear, extremest sexuality, indifference

Question 53

what does a prefrontal lobotomy do to the brain? who was it mostly used on

Answer 53

disconnects prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain..schizophrenia

Question 54

what are the 4 research methods

Answer 54

examine effects of brain damage, examine effects of stimulating brain are, record brain activity during behaviour, correlate anatomy with behavior

Question 55

ablation is ?

Answer 55

removal of a brain area

Question 56

what is a sterotaxic instrument

Answer 56

used to damage structure in interior of the brain

Question 57

what is tms

Answer 57

transcranial magnetic stimulation.....intense magnetic field to portion of scalp to temporarily deactivate neurons below the magnet. ,,,can be used to treat depression by receptive stimulation nerve cells

Question 58

what's an EEG

Answer 58

electroencephalograph ..measures summed graded potentials from thousands of neurons ,,,can show changed with behavior

Question 59

how long to get to clavicle and then how much more for it to travel to brain and realize

Answer 59

9ms, 20ms

Question 60

describe magnetoencephalogrpah

Answer 60

measures faint magnetic fields generated by brian activity...32 localization fo cells...high resolution but high cost

Question 61

what are the two structural neuroimaging? explain

Answer 61

computed tomography: ct scan: xray at many different angles to create 3d image cheap and quick magnetic resonance imaging: MRI: 3d image passing strong magnetic guild through brain followed by a radio wave then measuring the radiation emitted from hydrogen atoms..measures the reallignment

Question 62

describe PET

Answer 62

positron emission tomography: functional neuroimaging: radioactive molecules are injected into bloodstream..active brain areas use more blood so radio active molecules travel to that area

Question 63

describe subtraction

Answer 63

functional neuroimaging ; contro task and experimental task..mean difference