movement

Question 1

what are the three muscle categories and their movements

Answer 1

smooth muscles: digestive, skeletal muscles (movement of body in relation to environment) cardiac muslces (both skeletal and smooth)

Question 2

each _____ receives information from one _____ but one _____ may innervate many _____

Answer 2

msucle fibre, axon

Question 3

what is a neuromuscular junction

Answer 3

a synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fibre

Question 4

release of what at the neuromuscular junction causes the muscle to contract

Answer 4

acetylcholine

Question 5

movement requires the alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles called ______

Answer 5

antagonistic muscles

Question 6

what are the two contracting skeletal muscles

Answer 6

flexor (flexes or raises), extensor

Question 7

when you want to bend what happens to antagonist muscles

Answer 7

bicep contacts flexor muscle, tricep relaxes

Question 8

skeletal muscles can be fast or slow..whats the difference

Answer 8

fast twitch: fribres produce fast contractions but fatigure rapidly…fast moving, jumping
slow twitch: fibres profuce less vigurious contraction without fatigue..gradual movements such as walking

Question 9

what are proprioceptors

Answer 9

recptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body and regulate muscle contraction

Question 10

what are the two kinds of proprioceptors

Answer 10

muscle spindles and the golgi tendon organ

Question 11

what do muscle spindles do

Answer 11

they are parralel to the muscles and respond to stretch and can cause contraction if the length of that muscle stretches too far . like when stretching arm back for baseball pitch bicep will contract

Question 12

what do tendons do

Answer 12

connect muscle to bone

Question 13

what does the gologi tendon organ do

Answer 13

located in tendons, act as a break against excessivley vigorous contaction by sending an impulase to the spinal cord where motor neurons are inhibited, senses muscle tenstion, inhibits muscle activation

Question 14

does muscle spindles or gogli tendon organ result in efferent signals

Answer 14

muscle spindles

Question 15

describe reflexes

Answer 15

involuntary, consistent, automatic responses to stiumi

Question 16

what kind of reflex requires one synapse between sensory input and movement

Answer 16

monosynaptic reflex

Question 17

describe the patellar tendon reflex

Answer 17

tap on the tendon stretches the quadriceps muscle, the sensory nerve responds to the muscle stretch; by sending a signal to the spinal cord, where it connects to a motor neuron through a signal synapse; the motor neuron stimulates the quadricep muscle to contract and reduce the stretch; the quadriceps contracts, extneding the lower leg

Question 18

true or false: most movements are a combination of voluntary and involuntary: reflexive and non reflexive

Answer 18

true

Question 19

describe how some movements vary with respect to feedback

Answer 19

some are ballistic and cannot be changed once initiated, others guided by feedback to allow for percision

Question 20

what are central pattern generators

Answer 20

neural mechanisms in spinal cord or elsewhere that generate rythmic patterns of motor output in absence of sesnory feedback…both interconnected inhibitory and excitiroty neurons..breathing, swimming locomotion

Question 21

what is a motor program

Answer 21

a fixed sequence of movements that is either learned or built into the nervous system, once begun, the sequence is fixed from beggining to end. automatic. thinking or talking about it interferes with action …yawning

Question 22

understanding how btain controls movement offers hope for spinal cord damage because can use

Answer 22

brain computer interface (BCI) , use brain signals to direct computured controlled deivces such as neuro prosthetics

Question 23

describe 5 major parts of the motor system

Answer 23

cerebrum: in forebrain, consious control of movement
brain stem + spinal cord ; direct movements
subcortical basal ganglia: help produce the appropriate amount of force for grasping
the cerrebulum helps regulate the timing and accuracy of movement

Question 24

what is the role of the cerebral cortex

Answer 24

initiating a motor sequence..most motor learning is mastering sequences of action so that while one sequence is being activated the next is being prepared

Question 25

explain 3 parts of the frontal lobed involved in movement

Answer 25

prefrontal cortex: plans complex behavior, the complex movements premotor cortex: produces the appropriate complec movement sequences primary motor cortex: in the precentral gyrus, specifies how each movement is carried out, axons connect brain stem spinal cord and generate impulses , excecutes actions

Question 26

what does damage to posterior parietal cortex result in

Answer 26

difficultiy in coordinating visual stimuli with movement

Question 27

what part of brain keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

Answer 27

posterior parietal cortex

Question 28

what is a saccade

Answer 28

voluntary eye movement from one target to another

Question 29

performing an inti saccade tasj requires activity in what parts of the brain before seeing the moving stimulis

Answer 29

prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia

Question 30

when are mirror neurons active

Answer 30

during preperation of a movement and while watching someone else do the same movement

Question 31

do mirror neurons cause or result from social behavior

Answer 31

unknown

Question 32

 messages from brain are sent to the ____ and spinal cord to control the muscles

Answer 32

medulla

Question 33

what are the paths from the cerbral cortex to spinal cord

Answer 33

corticospinal tracts

Question 34

what are the two tracts from cerebral cortex to spinal cord

Answer 34

lateral corticospinal tract | medial corticospinal tract

Question 35

describe the lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 35

set of axons ffom the primary motor cortex surrounding areas and red nucleus to the spinal cord. controls movement in peripheral areas (hands and feet) ....axons corss ar rhw pyramids of medualla

Question 36

where is the red nucleus

Answer 36

in the midbrain area, output mainly to the arms

Question 37

describe medial corticospinal tract

Answer 37

set of axons from many persts of the cortex: reticular formation, midbrain tectum and vestibular system,,,controls musclrs of the neck, shoulders trunk, on same side. responsible for bilateral movements like walking turning bending etc

Question 38

what is the bestibular nucleus

Answer 38

brain area that receives information from vestibular system ..inner ear,,, sense balance spatial

Question 39

what are symptoms of cerbral palsy and whats it caused by

Answer 39

voluntary movements difficult to make, consious behavior controlled by cortex may remain in tact. casued by brainstem traauma usually in pregnancy lack of oxygen to the brain

Question 40

what is locked in syndrome what is it caused by

Answer 40

patient aware and awake but cannot move or communicae verbally, complete paralysis nearly all voluntary muscles except the eys....mesagges cant come from cortex to spinal cord...due to brainstem damage

Question 41

two example of brianstem damage?

Answer 41

cerebral palsy and locked in syndrome

Question 42

where was christopher eeves spinla cord sevvered

Answer 42

near upper end c1-c2 level..brain and psinal cord no longer connected..completlety paralyzed unable to breathe without assistance

Question 43

whata are the two plegias of spinal cord

Answer 43

quadriplegia :loss sensation amrs and legs...upper spinal cord damage paraplegia: sensation legs + lower body...dmaage lower body

Question 44

there mor neurons in the _____ than anywhere else combined

Answer 44

cerebellum

Question 45

the cerrelbelum is often associated with _____ and _____

Answer 45

coordination

Question 46

what else is cerrebelum responsible for

Answer 46

excecution of a sequence (that requires timing), responds to sensory information, espcially violations of sensory info like going to touch an object and not feeling anything, important certain aspects of attention like shifitng attention

Question 47

the _____ is the first area affected by alcohol which causes ____ and why they do finger to nose

Answer 47

cerebellum, clumsiness

Question 48

how does the cerrebelum improve motor control

Answer 48

cortex sends motor instructions to the spinal cord, sends same instructions to the cerrebelum. the sensory receptors code the actual movement and report tot the cerrebelum. it now has information about bothe versions...what you intended to do vs what you actually did, calculates error and tells cortex how to correct

Question 49

the bassal ganglia is a group of large subcortical structures in the _____ ..comprises these three...what is it important for

Answer 49

forebrain, .... caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus......self initating behaviors, not guided by stimulus,,,, a monkey deciding which time to start

Question 50

the cerbral cortex sends input to the _____ and ____ which send info to the ____ which then sends info to the _____ and _____.

Answer 50

putamen and caudete nucleus...globus pallidus,,,,thalamus and motor areas and the prefrontal cortex

Question 51

what are the 2 pathways of the basal ganglia

Answer 51

direct: promotes behavior indirect: inhibits unwanted movements

Question 52

basal gangling selects a movement by ceasing to

Answer 52

inhibit it

Question 53

tourette syndrome is a result of abnormality in the

Answer 53

basal ganglia

Question 54

learning of new skills requires multiple areas but basal ganglia are critical for

Answer 54

learning motor skills, organizing sequences of movement, automatic behaviors and new habits...driving a car

Question 55

describe readiness potential and when does it occur

Answer 55

activity in the motor cortex that occurs at least 200ms before voluntary movement, we become consious decision to move after process has already begun

Question 56

brain disorders like parkinsons disease and huntingtons disease not only affect movement but also

Answer 56

impair mood, memory and cognition

Question 57

describe parkinsons disease

Answer 57

involuntary muscle contractions, tremors/shaking in hands, righty/stiffness, slow movements, difficulty initiation physical activity....impairment initationg spontaenous movement without stimulus..also depression memory and reasoning..

Question 58

what is parkinsons disease caused by

Answer 58

- gradual and progressive death of neurons, especially in the substantia nigeria as it usually sends dopemaine releasing axons to caudate nucleus and putamen - loss of dopamine leads to less stimulation of motor cortex and slower onset of movements

Question 59

in parkinsons its more thought to be genetic if

Answer 59

its early onsent

Question 60

what is the main treatment for parkinsons and what is the downside

Answer 60

l-dopa....often ineffective in later stages and cause other side effects

Question 61

other treatments for parkinsons?

Answer 61

-drug to directly stimulate dopamine receptors, implementing electrode to stimulate deep areas of brain, experminetal stem cells

Question 62

what is shown in the photo that shows huntingtons disease

Answer 62

the ventricles that contain spinal fluid are expanded and cause death to those surrounding brain areas

Question 63

what is usual onsent of huntingtons disease

Answer 63

age 30-50

Question 64

what areas are damaged in huntingtons disease

Answer 64

basal ganglia and cerebral cortex

Question 65

what are physical cognitvie and emotions symptoms of huntingtons

Answer 65

weight loss, arm jerks, involuntary movements, difficulty walking.......focus, planning, insight....depression, apathy, irritbiailty, obsessive behavior

Question 66

huntingtons diseased controlled by what....more likely to develop it earlier if higher number of what

Answer 66

an autosomal dominant gene on chromosome # 4, consecutive repeats of the combonation C-A-G