learning and memory

Question 1

whats the 2 things clive wearing can remember

Answer 1

his wife and playing piano

Question 2

what is learning defined as

Answer 2

relativley permanant change in an organisms behavior as a result of experience. memory is a mental representation of that previous experience

Question 3

learning traditionaly thought in these two categories

Answer 3

classical conditioning and operant/instrumental conditioning

Question 4

in instrumental conditioning a behaviour is followed by a

Answer 4

reinforcer or punishment

Question 5

what are lashleys two principles

Answer 5

equipotentionality: all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex functioning behavior learning

mass action: the cortex works as a whole and more cortex is better

Question 6

what was faulty about lashley

Answer 6

only investgated the cortexc and only investigated one type of learnign

Question 7

PET scans on young adults led to the discovery that the ____ is critical for classical conditioning..but only if

Answer 7

cerrebelum..the delay between onsent of CS and UCS is short

Question 8

richard f thomsom and collegues suggested classical condition engram is located in

Answer 8

cerrebelum

Question 9

______ identified as central ffor learning ..responses increase as learning proceeds

Answer 9

lateral interpositus

Question 10

describe richard thomsons experiment with bunnies

Answer 10

presented a tone (CS) then a air puff (UCS), eventually the bunnies blinked when just presented with a tone. when they used cooling to shut off the LIP (lateral interppositus nucleus), they showed no responses in training and afterwards acted as if they had no training. when they turned off the red nucleus the bunnies also had no response but after stopping the supression the bunnies immediatley showed trained response. showing that LIP critical for learning but red nucleus just critial for response

Question 11

emotional events enhance consolidation since they cause release of ____ and _____ to activate the ___ and ___

Answer 11

epinephrine and cortisol…amygdala and hippocampus

Question 12

_____ increases release of norepinephrine

Answer 12

locus coeruleus

Question 13

research on working memory points to the ____ for the storage of this informaiton

Answer 13

prefrontal cortex

Question 14

whats is korsakoffs syndrome caused by

Answer 14

prolonged b1/thiamine defceicany it impedes brains ability to metabolize glucose, loss of shrinkage of neurons in brain

Question 15

distincitve symptom of korsakoffs syndrome

Answer 15

taking guesses to fill in gaps in memory

Question 16

only way to tell if its alzimes is if we

Answer 16

do autopsy and see gyri are shrunken and verticles are so large experience severe cell loss

Question 17

people with alzimers have better ___ memory

Answer 17

procedural

Question 18

alzimers is genetic but on prior to the age of

Answer 18

65

Question 19

researches beleive alzimers to have an issue on chromosome 21 because

Answer 19

poeple with down syndrome get it early

Question 20

there is no drugs for progression of alzimers but hope with

Answer 20

biogens aducanumab targets amloid

Question 21

alzimers is associated with an accumulation and clumpting of these two brain proteins

Answer 21

amyloid beta protein

abnormal form of the tau protein

Question 22

the amyloid proteins is found

Answer 22

between neurons

Question 23

what do amyloid proteins do

Answer 23

create plaques from damaged axons and dendrites, cause neruonal degeneration dying axond to clump together….produces widespread atrophy of cerbral cortex hippocampus other areas

Question 24

the abnormal form of tau protein is found

Answer 24

in neurons themselves

Question 25

what do the tau proteins do

Answer 25

create tangles,,,get all tangled up and have degeneration within neurons themselves

Question 26

3 parts of hypothesis of infant amnesia

Answer 26

learning language and reasoning changes in hippocampus and growth of new neurons new learning weakens old memories

Question 27

hm had ___ removed and had difficulting with

Answer 27

hippocampus, long term memories

Question 28

lm couldnt recognize in photo but could recgonize ....becuase

Answer 28

photo...mirrior, remembers what a mirror si

Question 29

if he had no distraction lm could remember number for ____...

Answer 29

15 minutes

Question 30

semantic memory is memories of _____ while episodic memory is memories of ____

Answer 30

factual information | personal events

Question 31

hm has severeley impaired ____ memory

Answer 31

episodic

Question 32

what is implicit memory

Answer 32

-influence of experiecne on behavior even if one doesnt recognize influence

Question 33

procedual memory is

Answer 33

development of motor skills and habits . hm had could read words backwards

Question 34

research on hippocampus function suggests its critcal for

Answer 34

declarative memories especially episodic memory

Question 35

describe the matching to sample task and relation to hippocampus

Answer 35

animal sees an object and after delay has to pick it or afterwards has to pick one that is not it. damage to the hippocampus impairs this task, proves hippocampus role in declarative/episodic memory

Question 36

two experiments that show the hippocampus is important for remembering locations

Answer 36

radial maze-rat cant remember which arms it already went in morris water- if the plat form is moved or they start from new place the rats become disorientated

Question 37

proof in humans of hippocampus spatial?

Answer 37

- taxi drivers being asked navigation questions while in PET scans - mri also showed they had larger hippocampus

Question 38

describe place cells

Answer 38

hippocampal neurons tuned to particulr spatial locations..rats cells become active as rats are imagining going down a path

Question 39

describe time cells

Answer 39

many place cells function as time cells. they become active at a particular time, say a rat has to run on treadmill for 20 seconds to receive an award

Question 40

place cells reveive input from ___ cells in the ____ cortex

Answer 40

grid cells, entorhinal cortex

Question 41

so what cells are responsible for spatial memory

Answer 41

time, place..grid

Question 42

what shape are grid cells in

Answer 42

horizontal

Question 43

when learning habits youre using the ____

Answer 43

striatum

Question 44

the striatum is made up of the ____ and _____

Answer 44

caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 45

true or false: most tasks activate both the hippocampus

Answer 45

true

Question 46

_____ associated with peicing information together

Answer 46

parietal lobe

Question 47

damage to the anterior temporal complex results in

Answer 47

loss of semantic memory...problem with long term storage of general knowledge

Question 48

a hebbian synapse is one that can increase its effectivneess as a result of

Answer 48

simutaneous activity in the presynaptic and post synaptic neurons

Question 49

what is the aplysia

Answer 49

a slug like intervrate that is often stufied due to its large neruons

Question 50

habituation is

Answer 50

decrease in response to stimuli that is repeated

Question 51

what is sensitization

Answer 51

increase in response to a mild stimulis after intense | stimulis has been presented previously

Question 52

in slug, sensitizaiton depends on the release of | _____, you get this release and it blocks ____ which

Answer 52

serotonin....potassium channels....prolongs release of neurotransmitters

Question 53

sea slugs habituate to the water how

Answer 53

to the waves, they dont flinch or withdraw gill when wave passes

Question 54

what happens to channels and neurons in habituation

Answer 54

calcium channels become less responsive to an action potential, less depolarization and motor neuron is not going to fire

Question 55

what happens to channels in sensitization in sea slug

Answer 55

depends on serotonin, blocks sodium channels in presynaptic neurons, you get prolonged period of depolarization

Question 56

LTP is the _____ in response to experience

Answer 56

cellular change

Question 57

long term potentiation leaves synapse potentiated for a period of time and means neuron is more

Answer 57

responsive

Question 58

long term potentiation might be the underlying cellular mechanism for

Answer 58

learning and memory

Question 59

what are the three properties of long term potentiation

Answer 59

specifity, cooperatively, associaitvley

Question 60

describe specifity

Answer 60

if some of the synapses onto a cell have been highly active onlt the active ones become strengthened, failure of specifity is one cause of imparied learning

Question 61

describe cooperaativity

Answer 61

nearly simutaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP more strongly than does repeated stimulation by just one axon

Question 62

describe associativity

Answer 62

pairing a weak inout with a strong input enhances later response . in some cases almost completley inactive synapse become active after LTP

Question 63

describe long term depression

Answer 63

prolonged dexrease in response at a synapse for exons that have been less active than others

Question 64

why is long term depression a compensory process

Answer 64

as one synapse strengthens another weakens, brain not burning way too much fuel

Question 65

ltp depends on changes at

Answer 65

glutamate synapses

Question 66

what are the two types of glutamate receptors

Answer 66

AMPA AND NMDA

Question 67

the magnesium molecules block the ___

Answer 67

NMDA receptors

Question 68

repeated glutamate exitation of AMPA receptors

Answer 68

depolarizes the membran

Question 69

if enough ions get in through the AMPA receptor the depolarization can

Answer 69

kick off the magnesium blocker

Question 70

after the magnesuim is kicked off ___ and ___ can vome in

Answer 70

calcium and sodium

Question 71

calcium can acctivation a proteins which is being responsive to glutamate and can allow

Answer 71

more dendritic building and leading to the release of a protein called CREB

Question 72

what protein does entry of calcium activate

Answer 72

camkll

Question 73

extensive stimulation of a postsynaptic cell causes the release of reterograde transmitter that travels back to the presynaptic cell and causes the following changes

Answer 73

-reduces threshold for producing action potential increase neurotransmitter release expansion of the axons transmitter release from additional sites