Emotional development and attachment relationships Flashcards
(21 cards)
Define emotion
state or feeling that has physiological , situational , subjective and cognitive components and desire to take action
According to Izard (2010), what are the components of emotion?
- neural responses
- physiological factors
- emotional expressions
- subjective feelings
- desire to take action like wanting to escape
- cognitive component - evaluation
How can we investigate the emergence of emotions?
There are two key ways - measuring whether they are universally understood and if newborns produce recognisable facial expressions
Describe the development of smiling in newborns
smiles are reflexive at 0-3 months but not directed until around 3 months old , at 3-4 months laughter emerges and around 7 months infants smile more at familiar people . around the second year more intensive. new borns can show general distress like hunger and fear is evident by 6-7 months . sep anxiety at 8 months.
Explain cultural variation in emotion
- racey and Matsumoto (2008) propose that pride is universal expression , involves body like erected posture and slight smile, extended arms etc.
Why might self conscious emotions emerge around 18-24 months ?
sc emotions require a basic sense of self and awareness of reactions to it
Can young infants empathise with others’ emotions?
infants imitated facial expression they viewed but there was no emotional context so this does not indicate an understanding or relation to emotional feelings
Describe the broccoli and crackers study
What do they like more? researcher likes brocolli more , asks child to give her one of the foods, child gives her broccoli not crackers despite probably liking crackers more themself . shows that by 18 months children understand that people may have different likes and dislikes to themselves
How was emotional comprehension studied and what was found about cultural variation?
3 developmental phases found age 5, by age 7, between 9-11 years of age, tested in other cultures, children in Peru showed delay compared to British children.
Define emotion regulation
a process used to monitor and modulate emotional experiences and expressions
What does emotional regulation prevent?
prevents emotional overload and allows regulated functioning
Who do newborn infants rely upon to regulate?
early on infants rely on caregivers to regulate externally,at 1-2 years old there is some self regulation
Explain a test of emotional regulation
marshmallow test for delaying gratification . not all children regulate equally well , better dOg = academic achievement and higher self esteem later in life
How did Harlow emphasis socio-emotional bonds with caregiver are vital
wire mother (food) vs cloth mother (comfort)
What did bowlby propose about attachment relationships?
Attachment is an an enduring affective bond with a specific period , often between a child and a primary caregiver
explain features of preattachment
indiscriminate social responsiveness (birth to 2 months) ⇒ infants produce innate signals - summon and elicit responses from caregivers, learn to recognise caregivers by smell and sound
What is the strange situation?
Mary Ainsworth - longitudinal study if mother-infant attachment
- focussed on extent to which infant uses primary caregiver as a secure base
Describe secure attachment
caregiver as a secure base, distressed when caregiver leaves at the reunion happy to see caregiver consistent parenting style.
Describe insecure-avoidant attachment
marked by indifference towards caregiver
Describe insecure-resistant attachment
very upset during separation , clingy stays close to caregiver, reunion
What does a child’s attachment status predict?
predicts their layer social-emotional development , secure infants more social skills
