Endo Flashcards
(37 cards)
Which hormones are stored and released from the posterior pituitary?
Vasopressin
Oxytocin
What are the micro/macro vascular problems w DM?
Micro: retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy
Macro: stroke, MI, limb ischaemia
Ddx of Hypercalcaemia
Malignancy
1° HyperPTH
Sarcoidosis
Tx of Hypercalcaemia
Correct dehydration, single dose of pamidronate, tx underlying cause
Ddx of a Goitre
Diffuse: physiological, Grave’s disease, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, subacute thyroiditis
Nodular: multinodular, adenoma, carcinoma
What are the sx and signs of thyroid eye disease?
Sx: discomfort, inc/dec lacrimation, photophobia, diplopia, dec acuity
Signs: exophthalmos, proptosis, lid retraction, lagophthalmos, corneal ulceration, conjunctival scarring, chemosis, periorbital swelling, ophthalmoplegia, lid lag, loss of colour vision, papilloedema, afferent pupillary defect
Exophthalmos vs Proprosis
Both is the appearance of eye protrusion however in proptosis it must go beyond the orbit
What is the main known risk factor for thyroid eye disease?
Smoking
Which tx of thyrotoxicosis worsens thyroid eye disease?
Radioiodine
Mx of Thyroid Eye Disease
Get specialist help, tx the sx and any thyroid disease, stop smoking, high dose steroids, surgical decompression if sight threatening
What are the extrathyroidal features of Grave’s disease?
GES plus acropachy, dermopathy, pretibial myxoedema
What are the cut offs for impaired glucose tolerance?
Fasting: >=6.1 but <7mmol/L
2h OGTT: >=7.8 but <11.1mmol/L
What is the International Diabetes Federation definition of metabolic syndrome?
Central obesity ie BMI >30 or inc waist circ plus two of: BP >=130/85, triglycerides >=1.7, HDL <=1.03 if male and <=1.29 if female, fasting glucose >=5.6 or T2DM
What is important to try and distinguish b/w in the diabetic foot?
Ischaemia vs Peripheral Neuropathy
When would you consider dual therapy for treating T2DM?
If the HbA1c rises to 58mmol/mol despite monotherapy w metformin
Why should you avoid using metformin if the pt has a low eGFR?
Risk of Lactic Acidosis
What are the causes of hypoglycaemia in a non-diabetic?
EXPLAIN: exogenous drugs, pituitary insufficiency, liver failure, Addison’s disease, islet cell tumour and anti-insulin receptor antibody in Hodgkin’s disease, non-pancreatic neoplasm
What are the causes of hypoglycaemia with low insulin and inc ketones?
Alcohol
Pituitary
Addison’s
What is Whipple’s triad?
Recorded hypoglycaemia with sx that are resolved following gluocse
What are the patterns of features in the MEN syndrome?
- Parathyroid, Pancreas, Pituitary
2a. Thyroid, Phaeo, Parathyroid
2b. Above + Mucosal Neuromas and Marfanoid Appearance
What is the 10% rule of phaeochromocytomas?
Malignant
Extra-Adrenal
Bilateral
Familial
What are extra-adrenal phaeochromocytomas referred to as?
Paragangliomas
Sx of Pheao
Tbc
What are the causes of hypoglycaemia with low insulin and no excess ketones?
Anti-Insulin Receptor + Non-Pancreatic Neoplasm
