Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 6 - MBBS COPY > Intro Wk: Renal > Flashcards

Intro Wk: Renal Flashcards

(46 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

The A-F of what the kidney does

A

Acidosis
Anaemia
Bones
Clearance
Drugs
Electrolytes
Fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the consequences of kidney failure based off it’s functions?

A

Acidotic
Anaemic
HypoCa
High PTH
Uraemia
HyperK
Hypervolaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A

Proteinuria
Low Albumin
Oedema
Dyslipidaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nephritic Syndrome

A

Haematuria
HTN
AKI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which hyperparathyroidism do you get?

A

Secondary: dec Ca + inc Pi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the clearance rate of the kidneys?

A

100mL/min = 144L/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How do you measure clearance?

A

Urea - made by liver in response to nitrogen clearance

Creatinine - made by muscle in response to turnover

We use CKD-EPI and Cockcroft Gault calcs to find the eGFR from the creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If you see someone w a high creatinine and you’re not sure why, what can you do?

A

Check for diabetes and HTN -> failing this see a nephrologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hx + Exam

A

Hx: CKD Sx? DM? IHD? SLE? Childhood UTIs? Stones? Drug Hx? FHx? Travel Hx?

Exam: BP, urinalysis, bloods, imaging, biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are causes of false pos haematuria?

A

Myoglobin + Beetroot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do you quantify proteinuria?

A

Protein:Creatinine Ratio has now surpassed the 24h urine collection

Significant >100mg/mmol (1g/day)

Nephrotic >300mg/mmol (3g/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can be seen in urine microscopy?

A

Crystals: ca oxalate, struvite, urate

Casts: red (GN), white (PN), muddy (ATN)

+ RBCs, WBCs, Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the indications for kidney biopsy? (3)

A

Unexplained injury w normal size

Histology likely to influence tx or offer prognostic info

Info concerning activity and potential reversibility of a prev identified lesion would be useful

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the causes of an AKI?

A

Pre-Renal: red blood flow ?sepsis ?shock

Intrinsic: nephrotic + nephritic ?IgA ?lupus

Obstruction: urological ?stones ?malignancy ?prostate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a crescent a sign off?

A

V aggressive nephritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Obs to assess fluid balance

A

Overload: raised JVP, pulm oedema, sacral/peripheral oedema

Deplete: dry mucous membranes, red skin turgor, sunken eyes, inc CRT, tachycardic, hypotensive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CKD Stage v GFR

A

1: >90

2: 60-89

3a: 45-59

3b: 30-44

4: 15-29

5: <15

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the target BP for CKD pts?

A

If no proteinuria <130/80

If w proteinuria <125/75

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When do you start getting sx of renal disease? And what are those sx?

Study These Flashcards
A

Stage 5

Sx: pericardial effusion, N+V, weakness, lethargy, confusion

20
Q

Mx of CKD

Study These Flashcards
A

Slow Progress: ACEi/ARB, glycaemic control, lifestyle

Tx Comps: bicarbonate, iron, EPO, vit D sups if deficient or analogue if inc PTH, dietary restriction of 3P’s (potassium, phosphate, protein)

ESRF: dialysis w CVD risk measures + transplantation

21
Q

What are the general functions of each part of the nephron?

Study These Flashcards
A

PCT - electrolytes

Ascending Limb - fluid concentration

DCT - fine tuning both

22
Q

What/Where/Why does the kidney secrete?

Study These Flashcards
A

EPO, interstitial fibroblasts, dec oxygen delivery

1α-hydroxylase, PCT, low plasma calcium

Renin, juxtaglomerular cells, low blood pressure

23
Q

What condition should you NOT use ACEi in?

Study These Flashcards
A

Renal Artery Stenosis

24
Q

How has synthetic EPO revolutionised renal care?

Study These Flashcards
A

Before we were reliant on transfusions which inc risk of HIV/Hep C + sensitise for future transplants

25
Why do we get acidotic?
Production of ammonia +/or dec production or loss of bicarbonate
26
Which ion tends to be elevated in acidosis?
Potassium
27
OsmolaLity vs OsmolaRity
If they don’t equal there’s an osmolar gap OsmolaLity: measured ie 275-295 mOsmol/kg OsmolaRity: calculated ie 2(Na+K) + Urea + Glucose
28
Mx of HyperK
Recognise it’s a medical emerg >5.5mM so A-E approach You want a baseline ECG, cardiac monitor, senior support STAT You give 10mL 10% IV calcium gluconate, 50mL 50% dextrose w 10U insulin infusion, consider dialysis Liaise w ICU + then once stable ix possible causes: drug chart, U+Es, short synacthen test
29
What is the long term mx for hyperK?
Tbc
30
Workup for an AKI
Tbc
31
What are the important considerations when starting a drug?
?Nephrotoxic ?Renally Excreted ?Correct Dose
32
Who can support you if you’re unsure about a drug?
Check BNF + liaise w pharmacist, senior nurse, reg
33
What is the best stain for overall assessment of glomerular structure?
Periodic Acid Schiff: stains mesangial matrix and basement membranes
34
What is the definition of oliguria?
<0.5mL/kg/hr
35
What are the secondary causes of nephrotic syndrome?
DM SLE Amyloid Myeloma PET
36
What does the histology show in nephrotic syndrome caused by DM?
1. Diffuse glomerular basement membrane thickening 2. Kimmelstiel Wilson Nodules 3. Advanced Glomerulosclerosis
37
What are the most common causes of AKI?
STOP: sepsis/dehydration, toxins, obstruction, parenchymal kidney disease - blood cultures, hydration status, review drug chat and OTC hx, US, if all neg discuss biopsy w renal
38
What are the most common causes of CKD?
1. Diabetic 2. IgA 3. Reno-Vascular 4. Glomerulonephritides
39
What are the endocrine functions of the kidneys?
Erythropoietin 1α-OHase Renin
40
Sx of CKD
Acidotic - Nausea + Vomiting Anaemic - Pale, SOB, Tired HypoCa - Spasms + Numb Uraemic - Jaundice + Pruritis HyperK - Palps + Cardiac Arrest Oedema - Pulm, Pedal, Ascites
41
What are the indications for emergency dialysis?
Work through all the vowels: acidosis (pH<7.1), electrolyte imbalance (K+>6.5), intoxication, overload refractory to diuretics, uraemic pericarditis or encephalopathy
42
What dietary recommendations should you advise in a pt attending low clearance clinics?
Low PO4/K/NaCl + Fluid Restrict
43
What reduces the incidence of contrast nephropathy in CKD pts due to receive IV contrast?
1. Volume expansion w 0.9% sodium chloride infusion at 1mL/kg 2. Oral acetylcysteine although trial data is lacking
44
What would you expect the CK to be in rhabdomyolysis?
>10,000
45
IgA Nephropathy vs Post-Strep Glomerulonephritis
Timing: IgA nephropathy develops days after URTI vs weeks for PSGN which is also a/w low complement
46
HyperPTH: 2° vs 3°
2°: Dec Ca + Inc PO4 3°: Inc Ca + Dec PO4

Year 6 - MBBS COPY (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions