Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 4 Mine > Endo > Flashcards

Endo Flashcards

(55 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Levothyroxine risks

A

osteoporosis
arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cushings Syndrome causes

A

Cushing’s disease
Adrenal adenoma
Paraneoplastic syndrome
Exogenous steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cushing’s disease

A

Pituitary adenoma secreting ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Prolactinoma symptoms

A

In women: oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, infertility, vaginal dryness
In men: erectile dysfunction, reduced facial hair
Both: headache, visual field defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prolactinoma investigations

A

MRI brain: microadenoma appears as lesions in the pituitary; macroadenoma appears as a space-occupying tumour
Serum prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

most common pituitary tumour

A

Pituitary adenoma - benign, non-secreting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Pituitary adenoma features

A

Headache
Visual field defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pituitary adenoma investigations

A

MRI brain
maybe hormone tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Pituitary adenoma management

A

Neurosurgery: usually performed trans-sphenoidal
Radiotherapy: for residual tumour after surgery, or for recurrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Most common hormone secreting tumour of the pituitary

A

prolactinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What hormones does anterior pituitary secrete

A

GH,
LH/FSH,
TSH,
ACTH
prolactin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What hormones does posterior pituitary secrete

A

ADH
oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hashimotos thyroiditis associated with what cancer

A

MALT lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

hypertension
headaches
palpitations
sweating
anxiety

A

phaeochromocytoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phaeochromocytoma investigations

A

24 hr urinary collection of metanephrines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Phaeochromocytoma management

A

surgery
stabilise first with:
alpha-blocker (e.g. phenoxybenzamine), given before a
beta-blocker (e.g. propranolol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sick euthyroid syndrome

A

low T3/T4 and normal TSH with acute illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is important to monitor in HHS

A

serum osmolality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diabetic neuropathy management

A

amitriptyline, duloxetine, gabapentin or pregabalin
Try another if doesn’t work
tramadol as exacerbation therapy
capsaicin cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Most common cause primary hyperaldosteronism

A

bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Conn’s syndrome

A

adrenal adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Primary hyperaldosteronism features

A

hypertension
hypokalaemia e.g. muscle weakness
metabolic alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Primary hyperaldosternosim investigations

Study These Flashcards
A

plasma aldosterone/renin ratio is the first-line investigation - should be high aldosterone low renin in primary
CT
if the CT is normal adrenal venous sampling (AVS) can be used to distinguish between unilateral adenoma and bilateral hyperplasia

24
Q

Conn’s syndrome management

25
bilateral adrenal hyperplasia management
spironolactone
26
Grave's disease autoantibodies
TSH receptor stimulating antibodies (90%) anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (75%)
27
Orlistat mechanism of action
inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipase to reduce the digestion of fat
28
What antibodies in Hashimoto's thyroiditis
anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) anti-thyroglobulin (Tg) antibodies
29
When do you add glucose in treatment of DKA?
once blood glucose is < 14 mmol/l an infusion of 10% dextrose should be started at 125 mls/hr in addition to the saline regime
30
What blood abnormality can prednisolone cause
neutrophilia
31
Subclinical hypothyroidism treatment
Treat subclinical hypothyroidism if the TSH level is > 10 mU/L on 2 separate occasions 3 months apart levothyroxine for 6mths
32
subclinical hypothyroidism
TSH raised but T3,T4 normal
33
Types of thyroid cancer from most common to least
Papillary Follicular Medullary Anaplastic Lymphoma
34
Which thyroid cancer can be associated with hashimotos thyroiditis
lymphoma
35
Medullary thyroid cancer what cells what secrete what disease
Cancer of parafollicular (C) cells, secrete calcitonin, part of MEN-2
36
Management of papillary and follicular cancer
total thyroidectomy followed by radioiodine (I-131) to kill residual cells
37
Follow up for papillary and follicular cancer
yearly thyroglobulin levels to detect early recurrent disease
38
Papillary thyroid cancer invasion
lymphatic
39
Follicular thyroid cancer invasion
Vascular invasion predominates
40
Medullary thyroid cancer invasion
Both lymphatic and haematogenous metastasis are recognised, nodal disease is associated with a very poor prognosis.
41
WHich thyroid cancer young females which old
young: papillary old: anaplastic
42
Anaplastic thyroid cancer invasion
Local invasion is a common feature
43
May appear macroscopically encapsulated, microscopically capsular invasion is seen. Without this finding the lesion is an adenoma.
follicular thyroid cancer
44
Histologically tumour has papillary projections and pale empty nuclei
Papillary thyroid cancer
45
pseudo-cushings
mimics Cushing's often due to alcohol excess or severe depression causes false positive dexamethasone suppression test or 24 hr urinary free cortisol insulin stress test may be used to differentiate
46
low T4 low TSH
secondary hypothyroidism get a pituitary MRI
47
Tests and antibodies used to distinguish between T1 and T2 DM
c-peptides anti-GAD ICA IAA IA-2A
48
DKA management insulin therapy
In the acute management of DKA, insulin should be fixed rate whilst continuing regular injected long-acting insulin but stopping short actin injected insulin
49
Subacute thyroiditis management
usually self-limiting - most patients do not require treatment thyroid pain may respond to aspirin or other NSAIDs in more severe cases steroids are used, particularly if hypothyroidism develops
50
Gynaecomastia
spironolactone (most common drug cause) cimetidine digoxin cannabis finasteride GnRH agonists e.g. goserelin, buserelin oestrogens, anabolic steroids
51
Worst prognosis thyroid cancer
anaplastic
52
Falsely low HbA1c causes
Sickle-cell anaemia GP6D deficiency Hereditary spherocytosis Haemodialysis
53
Falsely high HbA1c causes
Vitamin B12/folic acid deficiency Iron-deficiency anaemia Splenectomy
54
Signs specific to Grave's disease
exophthalmos ophthalmoplegia pretibial myxoedema thyroid acropachy
55
thyroid acropachy
digital clubbing soft tissue swelling of the hands and feet periosteal new bone formation

Year 4 Mine (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions