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year 4 mine > General Surgery > Flashcards

General Surgery Flashcards

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1
Q

Most common type kidney stone

A

calcium oxalate
ass. w/ hypercalcaemia

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2
Q

Kidney stones ass. w/ inherited metabolic condition

A

cystine

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3
Q

uric acid stones

A

associated with chemo

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4
Q

calcium phosphate stones

A

associated with renal tubular acidosis (type 1 and 3)

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5
Q

which stones associated with infection & staghorn calculus

A

struvite

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6
Q

which stones not radiopaque

A

uric acid

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7
Q

kidney stone diagnostic investigation

A

non-contrast CT KUB

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8
Q

prophylactic drug for calcium oxalate stones

A

thiazide diuretics

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9
Q

prophylactic drugs for uric acid stones

A

Allopurinol
potassium citrate

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10
Q

kidney stone management

A

watchful waiting, pain relief if <5mm
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy if >2cm
Shock wave lithotropsy
Ureteroscopy if pregnant/ureteric stones

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11
Q

MOA lidocaine

A

blockage sodium channels

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12
Q

inguinal hernia vs femoral hernia

A

inguinal: superior and medial to the pubic tubercle
femoral: inferior and lateral to pubic tubercle

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13
Q

Inguinal hernia management

A

treat medically fit patients even if they are asymptomatic
mesh surgery

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14
Q

Direct vs indirect inguinal hernia

A

direct - bulges through wall of inguinal canal
indirect - goes through inguinal canal
to differentiate: press on deep inguinal ring, patient coughs and indirect won’t come back through

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15
Q

BPH treatment

A

1st line: alpha-1 antagonist = tamsulosin, alfuzosin
2nd line: 5 alpha-reductase i = finasteride (stops testosterone making)
3rd line: anticholinergics (oxybutnin, tolterodine)

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16
Q

S/E alpha 1 antagonist

A

dizzy
postural hypotension
dry mouth
depression

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17
Q

how long can it take for 5-alpha reductase inhibitors to work

A

6 months

18
Q

marjolin’s ulcer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Occurring at sites of chronic inflammation e.g; burns, osteomyelitis after 10-20 years

19
Q

marjolin’s ulcer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Occurring at sites of chronic inflammation e.g; burns, osteomyelitis after 10-20 years

20
Q

Pyoderma gangrenosum

A

Associated with inflammatory bowel disease/RA
Can occur at stoma sites
Erythematous nodules or pustules which ulcerate

21
Q

fibroadenoma surgical removal if?

A

> 3cm

22
Q

Longer history of dysphagia, often not progressive.
Usually symptoms of GORD.
Often lack systemic features seen with malignancy

A

Peptic stricture

23
Q

May have dysphagia that is episodic and non progressive.
Retrosternal pain may accompany the episodes.

A

Dysmotility disorder

24
Q

Superficial thrombophlebitis management

A

NSAIDS
compression stockings

25
Q

Most common breast cancer

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma

26
Q

Most common breast cancers

A

Invasive ductal carcinoma
Invasive lobular carcinoma
Ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS)
Lobular carcinoma-in-situ (LCIS)

27
Q

Boerhaave syndrome diagnosis

A

CT contrast swallow.

28
Q

Baby Billous vomiting
Few hours after birth

A

Duodenal atresia

29
Q

Baby Billous vomiting
Usually 3-7 days after birth, may have haemodynamic instability

A

malrotation with volvulus
volvulus with compromised circulation may result in peritoneal signs and haemodynamic instability

30
Q

Baby Billous vomiting
Usually within 24 hours of birth

A

Jejunal/ ileal atresia

31
Q

Baby Billous vomiting
hasn’t passed poop
Typically in first 24-48 hours of life with abdominal distension and bilious vomiting

A

Meconium ileus

32
Q

Baby Billous vomiting
Usually second week of life

A

NEC

33
Q

Duodenal atresia diagnosis

A

AXR shows double bubble sign, contrast study may confirm

34
Q

malrotation with volvulus diagnosis

A

USS - whirlpool sign

Upper GI contrast study may show DJ flexure is more medially placed,

35
Q

jejunal/ileal atresia diagnosis

A

AXR will show air-fluid levels - triple bubble

36
Q

meconium ileus diagnosis

A

Air - fluid levels on AXR,
sweat test to confirm cystic fibrosis

37
Q

NEC diagnosis

A

Dilated bowel loops on AXR, pneumatosis and portal venous air

38
Q

Pyloric stenosis diagnosis

A

test/feed
USS

39
Q

Projectile non bile stained vomiting at 4-6 weeks of life

A

Pyloric stenosis

40
Q

Intussusception diagnosis

A

USS - target-like mass

41
Q

Brain death confirmation

A

pupillary reflex,
corneal reflex,
oculo-vestibular reflex,
cough reflex,
absent response to supraorbital pressure
no spontaneous respiratory effort

42
Q

Prognostic criteria of pancreatitis

A

age > 55 years
hypocalcaemia
hyperglycaemia
hypoxia
neutrophilia
elevated LDH and AST

year 4 mine (14 decks)

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