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2nd shift lecs > Endo 6131 > Flashcards

Endo 6131 Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system consists of an _______________ that secretes a hormone, the hormone itself, and a target tissue that responds to the hormone

A

endocrine gland

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2
Q

is a chemical substance produced by a ductless endocrine gland that is secreted into the blood

A

Hormone

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3
Q

Hormone-producing glands:

A
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenals
  • gonads
  • pancreas
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4
Q

Three chemical classes of hormones

A
  • amino acid derivatives (catecholamines and thyroid hormones)
  • peptide hormones (pancreatic)
  • steroids (derivatives of cholesterol)
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5
Q

are sensing and signaling devices that are
capable of responding to changes in the internal and external environments and coordinating multiple activities that maintain homeostasis.

A

endocrine glands

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6
Q

Two major subdivisions of pituitary gland

A
  • pars distalis
  • pars nervosa
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7
Q

adenohypophysis or anterior pituitary, is
the largest subdivision

A

pars distalis

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8
Q

neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary,
has its cell bodies in the hypothalamus with their axons stretching to the posterior lobe of the pituitary

A

pars nervosa

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9
Q

it receives peptides from the
hypothalamus through a capillary portal system (hypothalamo–hypophyseal vessels)

A

pars distalis

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10
Q

has its cell bodies in the hypothalamus with their axons stretching to the posterior lobe of the pituitary; therefore,
functionally and anatomically, the posterior pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus

A

pars nervosa

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11
Q

releasing and release-inhibiting hormones are synthesized by neurons in the __________, transported by
axonal processes, and released into capillary plexus.

A

hypothalamus

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12
Q

Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

A
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • somatotropic hormone (SH)
  • prolactin (PRL)
  • luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
  • thyrotropic hormone (TTH)
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
  • melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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13
Q

Secreted by the pars narvosa

A

ADH and oxytocin

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14
Q

this hormone enhances reabsorption of water by the kidney and causes
contraction of vascular smooth muscle

A

ADH

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15
Q

this hormone stimulates contraction of smooth muscle or parturition and
milk let-down

A

oxytocin

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15
Q

To maintain appropriate homeostasis, the endocrine organ must constantly monitor systemic hormone concentrations accomplished in the form of ___________________

A

negative feedback loops

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16
Q
  • inhibits prolactin, LH, and FSH secretion
  • exposure increases ACTH levels in rodents exposed during puberty and decreases ACTH levels in animals exposed
    during adulthood
  • acute exposure decreases circulating GH levels, while longer period treatment increases
    circulating GH levels
A

Cadmium

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17
Q

decrease LH and FSH

A

Lead and mercury

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18
Q

Environmental contaminants inhibit release of LH and FSH as well as TSH

A

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers

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19
Q

increases LH and PRL levels

A

Methoxychlor, dieldrin, and endosulfan

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20
Q

Reduces reduces pulsatile LH and suppresses the pituitary response to exogenous GnRH

A

coumestrol

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21
Q

stimulate proliferation of a pituitary cell line

A

Flame retardants tetrabromo- and tetrachlorobisphenol A

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22
Q

can come into contact with drinking water and cause pituitary tumors in chronically exposed rats and mice

A

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

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23
Q

a chemical used in the treatment of alcoholics, increases the ACTH precursor mRNA in the anterior
pituitary when co-administered with ethano

A

cynamide

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24
Q

are two small glands situated on the superior poles of the kidneys

A

adrenal glands

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25
Q

Major psychological role of adrenal glands

A

management of stress

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26
Q

Each adrenal gland is divided into two morphologically and
functionally distinct regions:

A

outer cortex and interior medulla

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27
Q

The adrenal cortex regulates many physiological functions
such as the

A
  • immune system
  • inflammation
  • water
  • electrolyte balance
  • carbohydrate
  • protein metabolism
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28
Q

The outer region (cortex) synthesizes and secretes
________________________

A

adrenocorticosteroid hormones

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29
Q

The cortex consists of three zones:

A
  • Zona Glomerulosa
  • Zona Fasciculata
  • Zona Reticularis
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30
Q

which zone of the adrenal cortex produces the mineralocorticoid
aldosterone

A

Zona Glomerulosa

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31
Q

which zone/s produce
glucocorticoids, corticosterone, and cortisol, as well as
adrenal androgens.

A

inner zones, fasciculata and reticularis

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32
Q

appear to be the principal targets of xenobiotic chemicals in the adrenal cortex leading to necrosis

A

zona fasciculata and reticularis

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33
Q

toxic xenobiotics that target zona fasciculata and reticularis

A
  • 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]
  • anthracene
  • acrylonitrile
  • thioacetamide
  • basic polyglutamic acid
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34
Q

______, _____, and various _____directly
target glucocorticoid secretion

A
  • spironolactone
  • ketoconazole
  • various PCBs
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35
Q

The compounds that affect the functional integrity of
lysosomes include:

A
  • chloroquin
  • triparanol, and
  • chlorphentermine
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36
Q

Adrenocortical toxicity can also involve increased secretion of
endogenous glucocorticoids due to compounds such as:

A
  • ethanol
  • cannabinoids
  • Cocaine, and
  • cytotoxic anticancer drugs
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37
Q

have been widely used as anti-inflammatory agents can produce symptoms that resemble Cushing’s syndrome

A

pharmacological treatment with glucocorticoid agonists

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38
Q

it is classified as a specialized postganglionic neuron, is a functional extension of the nervous system

A

Adrenal medulla

39
Q

It is composed of _____________, which are the site of
catecholamine synthesis and secretion

A

chromaffin cells

39
Q

These are true neuroendocrine cells, which provide a direct
interface between the two systems

A

chromaffin cells

40
Q

___________ stimulation of the cell bodies results in secretion of catecholamines, which behave as
hormones

A

sympathetic, cholinergic

41
Q

Release of catecholamines is stimulated by __________ from
cholinergic preganglionic neurons

A

acetylcholine

41
Q

The adrenal medulla is the major site of _____________
production with a tyrosine precursor and dopamine
intermediate.

A

(nor)epinephrine

42
Q

Examples of specific chemicals that target chromaffin cells
include toxins that block _______________ and
bacterial toxins that block ____________,
thereby preventing catecholamine release.

A
  • voltage-gated ion channels
  • exocytosis of secretory granules
43
Q

The most common pathological changes seen in the adrenal
medulla in toxicological studies involve proliferative lesions
classified as _______________

A

nodular hyperplasia

44
Q

Large benign adrenal medullary proliferative lesions are
designated __________

A

pheochromocytomas

45
Q

In humans, pheochromocytomas are uncommon except in
patients with ___________

A

multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)

46
Q

is the most powerful mitogenic stimulus to cause chroma in cell proliferation in the adrenal medulla in rats

A

Vitamin D

47
Q

In long-term animal studies, pheochromocytomas often are
accompanied by ________ or toxic effects in other organs.

A

tumors

48
Q

The thyroid gland is located below the ________-

A

larynx

49
Q

The thyroid secretes
two hormones known as

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3)

50
Q

are important regulators of overall metabolism with
their primary target tissues including the liver, kidney, heart,
brain, pituitary, gonads, and spleen

(thyroid gland)

A

T4 and T3

51
Q

-are some of the best
characterized thyroid disrupting chemicals
- are known to interfere with the thyroid system in a manner that leads to serious neurocognitive defects
- decrease the level of
thyroid hormone by inhibiting synthesis and/or increasing the
metabolism

A

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

52
Q

are structurally similar to that of PCBs. Thus, it is not surprising that many of the toxic effects between the two are similar leading to neurocognitive defects

A

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)

53
Q

inhibits thyroid hormone levels, possibly leading to hypothyroid-like outcomes

A

Perchlorate

54
Q

mixtures containing dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane
(DDT) have been shown to increase thyroid volume and to
induce antibodies that attack the thyroid gland, resulting in
autoimmune thyroid disease

A

pesticides

55
Q

decrease T3 and T4 levels by
potentially upregulating phase II enzymes in liver and
deiodinases in the thyroid

A

Perfluorinated Chemicals
(perfluorooctane sulfonate and
perfluorooctanoic acid)

56
Q
  • blocks T3 action by antagonizing the binding of T3 to its receptor
  • inhibits T3-mediated gene expression in cell lines
  • leads to symptoms of hypothyroidism or thyroid
    resistance syndrome in animal models
A

Bisphenol A

57
Q
  • may alter the levels of T3 and T4 in adult men and pregnant women
  • result in low thyroid hormone levels and to symptoms of
    hypothyroidism
A

Phthalates

58
Q

Humans have ______ parathyroid glands that are embedded in
the surface of the thyroid gland

A

four

59
Q

They are composed of mainly _______ that produce
parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

chief cells

60
Q

When the parathyroids are removed or damaged, PTH levels
drop, causing a major drop in circulating calcium levels. In
turn, this can lead to __________ and death

A

tetanic convulsions

60
Q

The parathyroid glands are critical for life largely because PTH helps maintain normal plasma ____________.

A

calcium levels

60
Q

PTH is a polypeptide hormone that is derived from a precursor
molecule called __________

A

preproparathyroid hormone

60
Q

xenobiotic exposures have been shown to increase the
size of the parathyroid gland often leading to parathyroid cancer:

A
  • lead
  • rotenone
  • malathion,
  • hexachlorobenzene
61
Q

has been shown to decrease
PTH levels in pregnant rats

A

alcohol consumption

61
Q

have been shown to
inhibit PTH secretion

A

aluminum and cadmium

62
Q

has been associated with a rise in PTH levels as well as abnormally high calcium levels

A

Lithium

63
Q

main physiological role of the parathyroid gland is to
control circulating _________

A

calcium levels

64
Q

PTH works in concert with _____________ and ___________

A

calcitonin (CT) and vitamin D

65
Q

PTH serves to increase circulating calcium levels by increasing
the release of calcium from bone through __________________

A

demineralization

66
Q

PTH inhibits the renal reabsorption of _____________, which aids in increasing the solubility of calcium

A

phosphate

67
Q

PTH also enhances ________reabsorption, inhibits
bicarbonate ion reabsorption, and blocks exchange of sodium
ions by the tubules

A

magnesium

68
Q

actions of PTH result in _________, which favors removal of calcium from plasma proteins and bones

A

metabolic acidosis

69
Q

serves to prevent hypercalcemia by shutting down efflux of
calcium from bone, and it negatively regulates PTH to prevent kidney calcification

A

CT

70
Q

also serves to inhibit PTH actions and build bone

A

Vitamin D

71
Q

can cause excessive PTH secretion by the parathyroid gland and lead to hyperparathyroidism.

A

pesticides and fungicides

72
Q

may cause low PTH secretion and lead to hypoparathyroidism

A

heavy metals

73
Q

Scattered among the pancreatic acini are the endocrine units
of the pancreas, the __________

A

Islets of Langerhans

74
Q

The major physiological function of the endocrine pancreas is
to serve as the

A

primary homeostatic regulator on fuel metabolism, particularly circulating glucose

75
Q

are sensors on glucose homeostasis that respond to
changes in their nutrient and hormonal environment

A

Islet cells

76
Q

is the primary contributor to
increasing blood glucose levels

A

liver

77
Q

stimulate anabolic
processes (energy storage)

A

insulin

78
Q

functions to lower blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids and to promote their conversion to the storage form of each: glycogen, triglycerides, and protein

A

insulin

79
Q

is the primary hormone with action counterregulatory to insulin, because it stimulates catabolic processes to prevent hypoglycemia

A

glucagon

80
Q

glucagon is stimulated by ___________ and __________, and by the amino acids, _________, _________. and __________

A

epinephrine and
norepinephrine;

arginine, leucine, and alanine

81
Q

role of ______________ is its role in regulation of neuroendocrine function to inhibit secretion of growth hormone in the anterior pituitary

A

somatostatin

82
Q

The generalized function of somatostatin appears to be as a ___________

A

hormone release inhibitor

83
Q

clinical consequences of insulin deficiency are physiologically less severe than those that would result from glucagon deficiency (t or f)

A

F; more

84
Q

Two chemicals that have been widely used to generate animal
models of diabetes are ___________ and __________. A common
target of these in pancreatic beta cells is DNA.

A

alloxan and streptozotocin

85
Q

Insulin resistance and defective function of pancreatic beta
cells usually occur sometime before the development of type
2 diabetes. (t or f)

A

T

86
Q

In a study investigating nondiabetic residents living near a deserted pentachlorophenol and chloralkaline factory in Taiwan, insulin resistance was associated with increasing circulating levels of ___________ and ________

A

dioxins and mercury

87
Q

In addition,________ exposure of pregnant mice resulted in
increased insulin, leptin, triglyceride, and glycerol levels

A

BPA

88
Q
A

2nd shift lecs (21 decks)

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